Definition of retrograde in English:

retrograde

adjective ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd

1Directed or moving backwards.
向后的，后退的
a retrograde flow
回流。
Example sentencesExamples
- Then turn the nuts on the suspending rods, so as to compress the springs just enough to give the platen a quick retrograde motion; observing, at the same time, to get the surface of the platen parallel with the surface of the bed.
- It should come as no surprise that his approach is deemed politically retrograde and unacceptable.
- This newest version is both progressive and retrograde.
- Maybe it's old-fashioned, retrograde, romantic, but I would tend to draw a distinction between an author's decision to create a novel and a studio's decision to option it for adaptation.
- On the contrary, his politics were often questionably retrograde.
- Obviously, aortic insufficiency can lead to an additional augmentation of the retrograde flow.
- Once responsive data becomes available in our future-side databases, it is forwarded to a Temporal Router, encoded in a wave packet riding a retrograde quantum effect, and passed back to our present-side machines.
- Some in Hollywood, though, say that the women who've scaled the studio hierarchy have done so by adopting retrograde ideas.
- It is certainly not a retrograde piece of aesthetics, but it hardly seems to break the new ground that was hoped for, either.
- Many of course would stop here and dismiss this inherently nostalgic call for a revalidation of the beautiful as hopelessly retrograde and unproductive.
- Speckle tracking in migrating cells with retrograde flow had turned out to be more challenging.
- His realistic style was considered too retrograde and old-fashioned.
- They argue that the style is retrograde and that they reflect neither recent Malian contemporary art nor a Malian aesthetic.
- Theirs was no retrograde revival of past styles, but a reworking of Giotto and the Italian primitives through a modernist lens, specifically, the ironic classicism of Giorgio de Chirico.
- In some patients the atrioventricular node allows retrograde conduction of ventricular impulses to the atria.
- This argument seeks to make conservatism, not retrograde but prescient.
- American doctrinal thought exhibited a certain retrograde character during the years before the Civil War.
Synonyms
backward, backwards, reverse, rearward, directed backwards, retreating, retrogressive
1. 1.1Astronomy Astrology (of the apparent motion of a planet) in a reverse direction from normal (from east to west), resulting from the relative orbital progress of the earth and the planet.
  〔天文，占星〕（行星的视运动）逆行的。PROGRADE 的反义词
  The opposite of prograde
  Example sentencesExamples
  There are dozens of less retrograde travelers in whose hoofprints we will also be journeying, for whom the pleasures of Eastern travel were not so strictly identical with the sublime egotism of Western identity formation.
  Or, look at the movement of Saturn, which turns retrograde on October 11.
  The Sun's conjunction with retrograde Mercury in Cancer shows her dislike of public speaking.
  Mercury turns retrograde, this time in the air sign of Libra, from September 14 to October 6.
  Through a careful examination of the retrograde motion of Mercury through Cassiopeia, and the conjunction of Jupiter with Neptune, I've discovered that today is Doug's thirteen hundred and fiftieth birthday.
2. 1.2Astronomy (of the orbit or rotation of a planet or planetary satellite) in a reverse direction from that normal in the solar system.
  〔天文〕（行星或其卫星的轨道运行或自转）逆行的
  the outer satellites move in retrograde orbits
  Example sentencesExamples
  Just 220 km in diameter, Phoebe is in a very peculiar, retrograde orbit, and is very dark.
  The larger impact sites have prompted speculation that collisions in Phoebe's past could have blasted off enough material to have formed Saturn's smaller retrograde moons.
  All six are retrograde orbits with inclinations greater than 90 degrees.
  The remaining three, however, have retrograde orbits.
  It has an odd, retrograde rotation so slow that one Venus day is around 250 Earth days long.
  Before Copernicus formulated his theory, retrograde planetary motions were just ‘facts’.
2Reverting to an earlier and inferior condition.
倒退的，退化的
to go back on the progress that has been made would be a retrograde step
在已经取得的进步基础上后退，将是一种退步。
Example sentencesExamples
- Would this, in the eyes of the Government, be a retrograde step?
- Residential school histories portray in painful detail an educationally retrograde system of regimentation and deculturalization stretching right across the country.
- Morgan argues that forcing organization theory into lexicons, literal language and precise formulations is a retrograde step.
- The introduction into logic of psychological criteria of conclusiveness and truth is now often thought of as a retrograde step.
- The removal of car tax also proved irresistible to drivers but is seen in retrospect as a retrograde step, and, according to Brennan, ‘over the top’.
- Closing small rural primary schools is a retrograde step, " said Deputy Ring.
- The song can be perceived in a feminist way - as attacking retrograde, restrictive beauty standards that obviously not a lot of women can relate to.
- It seemed to stand for everything that was most retrograde and irrelevant.
- Whatever one calls the event, under the influence, first of Alfred Cobban, later of Francois Furet, the view of the Revolution as an attack of the bourgeoisie against a retrograde feudal order was demolished.
- Mr Ancram called the company's decision to close the post office a retrograde step.
- However, a retrograde feature is that the vehicle only has one airbag, almost uniquely on the Irish market.
- Ned and Stacey asks the question of whether such a preposterously retrograde idea could be the basis of a comedy in the 1990s.
- Against those who viewed the ‘ama de casa’ as a retrograde obstacle to modernization, the Association reminded them of the social value of housewives in the regulation of the family economy and the formation of children.
- Perhaps the model is in need of some updating, and no longer fulfils all of its original objectives, but replacing it with an even more flawed design is surely a retrograde step.
- Rather, hers was a revivalism that could use indigenous culture, especially the Irish language, to expose the retrograde tendencies that persisted within Irish society.
- In fact, throughout the strike the union refused to discuss what it believed to be the company's retrograde plan.
- The appellant asserts that the building was uninhabitable when he moved in, and that to return it to that state would be a retrograde step.
- Life drawing has come to be regarded as a retrograde activity that now represents an ideological divide.
- That had been regarded as a retrograde move by some critics; Tchaikovsky did not fit with their taste.
- You don't need to be a usability expert to see that this is a retrograde step.
Synonyms
for the worse, regressive, negative, downhill, unwelcome, unprogressive
worsening, deteriorating, degenerate, declining
1. 2.1 (of amnesia) involving the period immediately preceding the causal event.
  （健忘症）逆行性的
  Example sentencesExamples
  Keep in mind that I crashed my car and got retrograde amnesia or something.
  ‘That's called retrograde amnesia, which is common,’ Umberto said.
  However, he described the injury as ‘severe’ given the CT scan findings, the fracture and retrograde amnesia.
  The amount of retrograde amnesia in H. M., for example, may have been grossly underestimated.
  Reports by patients of memory loss are of the erasing of autobiographical memories or retrograde amnesia.
3(of the order of something) reversed; inverse.
（顺序）逆序的，颠倒的
the retrograde form of these inscriptions
这些铭文的逆序书写形式。
Example sentencesExamples
- The most forward sections fall into line with the rest of the soldiers, who then join in the retrograde maneuver.
- The names of Athena and Herakles are spelled the same way in each case, but both in the main field are retrograde inscriptions in contrast to the orthograde writing on the shoulder.
- His interest in counterpoint is shown in a set of 120 canons, most of them on the ‘Miserere’ plainsong, which use such techniques as augmentation, diminution, and retrograde motion.
- Also, as if Bach had splashed it against the far wall of the work, it comes back at us in retrograde; we find those ratios operating in reverse, coming toward us.
- She called out for individuals to do the movement in retrograde, change direction, or otherwise alter the phrase, to create a choreographic pattern she was visualizing on the spot.
- They all demand hyper-mobility and a demonic coordination that has you switching into retrograde or performing the top half of one phrase with the bottom of another.
- These last two devices may be combined to form a mirror canon or canon in retrograde inversion, where the second voice has the melody backwards and with the intervals inverted.
- There is a retrograde filtration process where only certain films made east of the Bosphorous and south of the Equator actually make it back to a critiquing European audience, creating a sort of sampling bias.
4Geology
(of a metamorphic change) resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure.
〔地质〕（变质作用）逆向的
Example sentencesExamples
- The sample was collected from a 0.5 - Im wide pegmatite pocket in a partly retrograded, undeformed part of an equigranular, medium - to coarse-grained gabbro at Lavikdal.
- A large pebble with a gneissose appearance is a retrograded orthogneiss, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, feldspar and muscovite, with relics of biotite, mostly chloritized, and a weakly folded tectonic foliation.
- The stretching lineation is commonly defined by biotite and by recrystallized plagioclase in tails surrounding rotated, moderately retrograded, garnet porphyroclasts.

noun ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd

rare

A degenerate person.
〈罕〉堕落的人
Example sentencesExamples
- As a consequence, for several decades now, the only students being taught this old style are the retrogrades, the people who are holding out in some way.
Synonyms
reprobate, debauchee, rake, profligate, libertine, roué, loose-liver

verb ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd

[no object]

1archaic Go back in position or time.
〈古〉向后移动，后退；退回（到从前）
our history must retrograde for the space of a few pages
我们的历史得倒退几页谈谈。
Example sentencesExamples
- The business of anti-slavery was, and is, to purify the fountain, whence all these streams flow; if it turns aside to take charge of any one of the streams, however important, it is obvious enough that the whole work must retrograde; for, if the fountain be not kept pure, no one of the streams will flow with clear water.
- All that is human must retrograde if it does not advance.
1. 1.1 Revert to an earlier and inferior condition.
  倒退的，退化的
  people cannot habitually trample on law and justice without retrograding toward barbarism
  人们如果经常践踏法律和正义就会向野蛮状态倒退。
  Example sentencesExamples
  One observer was heard to say that rather than depicting the progress of the past one hundred years, ‘it seemed to show we have retrograded in that time.’
  Synonyms
  revert, retrogress, relapse, lapse, backslide, go backwards, slip back, drift back, subside, sink back
2Astronomy
Show retrograde motion.
〔天文〕出现逆行现象
all the planets will at some time appear to retrograde
所有的行星在某些时候都会看起来在逆行。
Example sentencesExamples
- Had the subsequently discovered planet Uranus displayed retrograde motion, the Newtonian theory would have been off the hook.
- Mars retrogrades among the stars of Ophiuchus all month.
- Each planet retrogrades, except the Sun and Moon (not really planets).
- For forty days at a time, Venus reverses direction as seen against the stars, so that it retrogrades over the same part of the zodiac every eight years.
- This weekend's Sun and Mercury march into fiery Aries, named for an ancient war god - while Pluto, said to activate the collective unconscious, retrogrades in Sagittarius, another fire sign, till the end of August.

Derivatives

retrogradely

adverb

If the pathway conducts only retrogradely, the electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm will be normal and the pathway is said to be ‘concealed’.
Example sentencesExamples
- A meshwork of actin polymerizes at the leading edge and flows retrogradely toward the cell body.
- The left atrium can be accessed either retrogradely via the aortic valve, by flexing the catheter tip through the mitral valve, or transeptally across the atrial septum.
- The balloon is usually introduced retrogradely via the femoral artery and passed across the aortic valve.
- HSV - 1 also retrogradely infects neurons in both the peripheral and the central nervous system through the nerve terminals innervating the peripheral tissues.

Origin

Late Middle English (as a term in astronomy): from Latin retrogradus, from retro 'backwards' + gradus 'step' (from gradi 'to walk').

Definition of retrograde in US English:

retrograde

adjectiveˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād

1Directed or moving backward.
向后的，后退的
a retrograde flow
回流。
Example sentencesExamples
- On the contrary, his politics were often questionably retrograde.
- Speckle tracking in migrating cells with retrograde flow had turned out to be more challenging.
- His realistic style was considered too retrograde and old-fashioned.
- Some in Hollywood, though, say that the women who've scaled the studio hierarchy have done so by adopting retrograde ideas.
- Obviously, aortic insufficiency can lead to an additional augmentation of the retrograde flow.
- Then turn the nuts on the suspending rods, so as to compress the springs just enough to give the platen a quick retrograde motion; observing, at the same time, to get the surface of the platen parallel with the surface of the bed.
- This argument seeks to make conservatism, not retrograde but prescient.
- It should come as no surprise that his approach is deemed politically retrograde and unacceptable.
- It is certainly not a retrograde piece of aesthetics, but it hardly seems to break the new ground that was hoped for, either.
- They argue that the style is retrograde and that they reflect neither recent Malian contemporary art nor a Malian aesthetic.
- Maybe it's old-fashioned, retrograde, romantic, but I would tend to draw a distinction between an author's decision to create a novel and a studio's decision to option it for adaptation.
- Once responsive data becomes available in our future-side databases, it is forwarded to a Temporal Router, encoded in a wave packet riding a retrograde quantum effect, and passed back to our present-side machines.
- Many of course would stop here and dismiss this inherently nostalgic call for a revalidation of the beautiful as hopelessly retrograde and unproductive.
- American doctrinal thought exhibited a certain retrograde character during the years before the Civil War.
- This newest version is both progressive and retrograde.
- In some patients the atrioventricular node allows retrograde conduction of ventricular impulses to the atria.
- Theirs was no retrograde revival of past styles, but a reworking of Giotto and the Italian primitives through a modernist lens, specifically, the ironic classicism of Giorgio de Chirico.
Synonyms
backward, backwards, reverse, rearward, directed backwards, retreating, retrogressive
1. 1.1 Reverting to an earlier and inferior condition.
  倒退的，退化的
  to go back on the progress that has been made would be a retrograde step
  在已经取得的进步基础上后退，将是一种退步。
  Example sentencesExamples
  Residential school histories portray in painful detail an educationally retrograde system of regimentation and deculturalization stretching right across the country.
  Whatever one calls the event, under the influence, first of Alfred Cobban, later of Francois Furet, the view of the Revolution as an attack of the bourgeoisie against a retrograde feudal order was demolished.
  Closing small rural primary schools is a retrograde step, " said Deputy Ring.
  Against those who viewed the ‘ama de casa’ as a retrograde obstacle to modernization, the Association reminded them of the social value of housewives in the regulation of the family economy and the formation of children.
  You don't need to be a usability expert to see that this is a retrograde step.
  Mr Ancram called the company's decision to close the post office a retrograde step.
  The removal of car tax also proved irresistible to drivers but is seen in retrospect as a retrograde step, and, according to Brennan, ‘over the top’.
  However, a retrograde feature is that the vehicle only has one airbag, almost uniquely on the Irish market.
  Ned and Stacey asks the question of whether such a preposterously retrograde idea could be the basis of a comedy in the 1990s.
  It seemed to stand for everything that was most retrograde and irrelevant.
  Life drawing has come to be regarded as a retrograde activity that now represents an ideological divide.
  Morgan argues that forcing organization theory into lexicons, literal language and precise formulations is a retrograde step.
  The introduction into logic of psychological criteria of conclusiveness and truth is now often thought of as a retrograde step.
  Would this, in the eyes of the Government, be a retrograde step?
  In fact, throughout the strike the union refused to discuss what it believed to be the company's retrograde plan.
  Rather, hers was a revivalism that could use indigenous culture, especially the Irish language, to expose the retrograde tendencies that persisted within Irish society.
  That had been regarded as a retrograde move by some critics; Tchaikovsky did not fit with their taste.
  Perhaps the model is in need of some updating, and no longer fulfils all of its original objectives, but replacing it with an even more flawed design is surely a retrograde step.
  The song can be perceived in a feminist way - as attacking retrograde, restrictive beauty standards that obviously not a lot of women can relate to.
  The appellant asserts that the building was uninhabitable when he moved in, and that to return it to that state would be a retrograde step.
  Synonyms
  for the worse, regressive, negative, downhill, unwelcome, unprogressive
2. 1.2 (of the order of something) reversed; inverse.
  （顺序）逆序的，颠倒的
  the retrograde form of these inscriptions
  这些铭文的逆序书写形式。
  Example sentencesExamples
  The names of Athena and Herakles are spelled the same way in each case, but both in the main field are retrograde inscriptions in contrast to the orthograde writing on the shoulder.
  These last two devices may be combined to form a mirror canon or canon in retrograde inversion, where the second voice has the melody backwards and with the intervals inverted.
  Also, as if Bach had splashed it against the far wall of the work, it comes back at us in retrograde; we find those ratios operating in reverse, coming toward us.
  There is a retrograde filtration process where only certain films made east of the Bosphorous and south of the Equator actually make it back to a critiquing European audience, creating a sort of sampling bias.
  They all demand hyper-mobility and a demonic coordination that has you switching into retrograde or performing the top half of one phrase with the bottom of another.
  His interest in counterpoint is shown in a set of 120 canons, most of them on the ‘Miserere’ plainsong, which use such techniques as augmentation, diminution, and retrograde motion.
  She called out for individuals to do the movement in retrograde, change direction, or otherwise alter the phrase, to create a choreographic pattern she was visualizing on the spot.
  The most forward sections fall into line with the rest of the soldiers, who then join in the retrograde maneuver.
3. 1.3 (of amnesia) involving the period immediately preceding the causal event.
  （健忘症）逆行性的
  Example sentencesExamples
  Reports by patients of memory loss are of the erasing of autobiographical memories or retrograde amnesia.
  However, he described the injury as ‘severe’ given the CT scan findings, the fracture and retrograde amnesia.
  The amount of retrograde amnesia in H. M., for example, may have been grossly underestimated.
  Keep in mind that I crashed my car and got retrograde amnesia or something.
  ‘That's called retrograde amnesia, which is common,’ Umberto said.
4. 1.4Geology (of a metamorphic change) resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure.
  〔地质〕（变质作用）逆向的
  Example sentencesExamples
  A large pebble with a gneissose appearance is a retrograded orthogneiss, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, feldspar and muscovite, with relics of biotite, mostly chloritized, and a weakly folded tectonic foliation.
  The stretching lineation is commonly defined by biotite and by recrystallized plagioclase in tails surrounding rotated, moderately retrograded, garnet porphyroclasts.
  The sample was collected from a 0.5 - Im wide pegmatite pocket in a partly retrograded, undeformed part of an equigranular, medium - to coarse-grained gabbro at Lavikdal.
5. 1.5Astrology Astronomy (of the apparent motion of a planet) in a reverse direction from normal (from east to west), resulting from the relative orbital progress of the earth and the planet.
  〔天文，占星〕（行星的视运动）逆行的。PROGRADE 的反义词
  The opposite of prograde
  Example sentencesExamples
  The Sun's conjunction with retrograde Mercury in Cancer shows her dislike of public speaking.
  Through a careful examination of the retrograde motion of Mercury through Cassiopeia, and the conjunction of Jupiter with Neptune, I've discovered that today is Doug's thirteen hundred and fiftieth birthday.
  Or, look at the movement of Saturn, which turns retrograde on October 11.
  There are dozens of less retrograde travelers in whose hoofprints we will also be journeying, for whom the pleasures of Eastern travel were not so strictly identical with the sublime egotism of Western identity formation.
  Mercury turns retrograde, this time in the air sign of Libra, from September 14 to October 6.
6. 1.6Astronomy (of the orbit or rotation of a planet or planetary satellite) in a reverse direction from that normal in the solar system.
  〔天文〕（行星或其卫星的轨道运行或自转）逆行的
  Example sentencesExamples
  All six are retrograde orbits with inclinations greater than 90 degrees.
  Before Copernicus formulated his theory, retrograde planetary motions were just ‘facts’.
  It has an odd, retrograde rotation so slow that one Venus day is around 250 Earth days long.
  Just 220 km in diameter, Phoebe is in a very peculiar, retrograde orbit, and is very dark.
  The larger impact sites have prompted speculation that collisions in Phoebe's past could have blasted off enough material to have formed Saturn's smaller retrograde moons.
  The remaining three, however, have retrograde orbits.

nounˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād

rare

A degenerate person.
〈罕〉堕落的人
Example sentencesExamples
- As a consequence, for several decades now, the only students being taught this old style are the retrogrades, the people who are holding out in some way.
Synonyms
reprobate, debauchee, rake, profligate, libertine, roué, loose-liver

verbˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād

[no object]

1archaic Go back in position or time.
〈古〉向后移动，后退；退回（到从前）
our history must retrograde for the space of a few pages
我们的历史得倒退几页谈谈。
Example sentencesExamples
- All that is human must retrograde if it does not advance.
- The business of anti-slavery was, and is, to purify the fountain, whence all these streams flow; if it turns aside to take charge of any one of the streams, however important, it is obvious enough that the whole work must retrograde; for, if the fountain be not kept pure, no one of the streams will flow with clear water.
1. 1.1 Revert to an earlier and inferior condition.
  倒退的，退化的
  people cannot habitually trample on law and justice without retrograding toward barbarism
  人们如果经常践踏法律和正义就会向野蛮状态倒退。
  Example sentencesExamples
  One observer was heard to say that rather than depicting the progress of the past one hundred years, ‘it seemed to show we have retrograded in that time.’
  Synonyms
  revert, retrogress, relapse, lapse, backslide, go backwards, slip back, drift back, subside, sink back
2Astronomy
Show retrogradation.
〔天文〕出现逆行现象
all the planets will at some time appear to retrograde
所有的行星在某些时候都会看起来在逆行。
Example sentencesExamples
- Had the subsequently discovered planet Uranus displayed retrograde motion, the Newtonian theory would have been off the hook.
- For forty days at a time, Venus reverses direction as seen against the stars, so that it retrogrades over the same part of the zodiac every eight years.
- Mars retrogrades among the stars of Ophiuchus all month.
- This weekend's Sun and Mercury march into fiery Aries, named for an ancient war god - while Pluto, said to activate the collective unconscious, retrogrades in Sagittarius, another fire sign, till the end of August.
- Each planet retrogrades, except the Sun and Moon (not really planets).

Origin

Late Middle English (as a term in astronomy): from Latin retrogradus, from retro ‘backwards’ + gradus ‘step’ (from gradi ‘to walk’).

词汇	retrograde
释义	Definition of retrograde in English: retrograde adjective ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd 1Directed or moving backwards. 向后的，后退的 a retrograde flow 回流。 Example sentencesExamples Then turn the nuts on the suspending rods, so as to compress the springs just enough to give the platen a quick retrograde motion; observing, at the same time, to get the surface of the platen parallel with the surface of the bed. It should come as no surprise that his approach is deemed politically retrograde and unacceptable. This newest version is both progressive and retrograde. Maybe it's old-fashioned, retrograde, romantic, but I would tend to draw a distinction between an author's decision to create a novel and a studio's decision to option it for adaptation. On the contrary, his politics were often questionably retrograde. Obviously, aortic insufficiency can lead to an additional augmentation of the retrograde flow. Once responsive data becomes available in our future-side databases, it is forwarded to a Temporal Router, encoded in a wave packet riding a retrograde quantum effect, and passed back to our present-side machines. Some in Hollywood, though, say that the women who've scaled the studio hierarchy have done so by adopting retrograde ideas. It is certainly not a retrograde piece of aesthetics, but it hardly seems to break the new ground that was hoped for, either. Many of course would stop here and dismiss this inherently nostalgic call for a revalidation of the beautiful as hopelessly retrograde and unproductive. Speckle tracking in migrating cells with retrograde flow had turned out to be more challenging. His realistic style was considered too retrograde and old-fashioned. They argue that the style is retrograde and that they reflect neither recent Malian contemporary art nor a Malian aesthetic. Theirs was no retrograde revival of past styles, but a reworking of Giotto and the Italian primitives through a modernist lens, specifically, the ironic classicism of Giorgio de Chirico. In some patients the atrioventricular node allows retrograde conduction of ventricular impulses to the atria. This argument seeks to make conservatism, not retrograde but prescient. American doctrinal thought exhibited a certain retrograde character during the years before the Civil War. Synonyms backward, backwards, reverse, rearward, directed backwards, retreating, retrogressive 1.1Astronomy Astrology (of the apparent motion of a planet) in a reverse direction from normal (from east to west), resulting from the relative orbital progress of the earth and the planet. 〔天文，占星〕（行星的视运动）逆行的。PROGRADE 的反义词 The opposite of prograde Example sentencesExamples There are dozens of less retrograde travelers in whose hoofprints we will also be journeying, for whom the pleasures of Eastern travel were not so strictly identical with the sublime egotism of Western identity formation. Or, look at the movement of Saturn, which turns retrograde on October 11. The Sun's conjunction with retrograde Mercury in Cancer shows her dislike of public speaking. Mercury turns retrograde, this time in the air sign of Libra, from September 14 to October 6. Through a careful examination of the retrograde motion of Mercury through Cassiopeia, and the conjunction of Jupiter with Neptune, I've discovered that today is Doug's thirteen hundred and fiftieth birthday. 1.2Astronomy (of the orbit or rotation of a planet or planetary satellite) in a reverse direction from that normal in the solar system. 〔天文〕（行星或其卫星的轨道运行或自转）逆行的 the outer satellites move in retrograde orbits Example sentencesExamples Just 220 km in diameter, Phoebe is in a very peculiar, retrograde orbit, and is very dark. The larger impact sites have prompted speculation that collisions in Phoebe's past could have blasted off enough material to have formed Saturn's smaller retrograde moons. All six are retrograde orbits with inclinations greater than 90 degrees. The remaining three, however, have retrograde orbits. It has an odd, retrograde rotation so slow that one Venus day is around 250 Earth days long. Before Copernicus formulated his theory, retrograde planetary motions were just ‘facts’. 2Reverting to an earlier and inferior condition. 倒退的，退化的 to go back on the progress that has been made would be a retrograde step 在已经取得的进步基础上后退，将是一种退步。 Example sentencesExamples Would this, in the eyes of the Government, be a retrograde step? Residential school histories portray in painful detail an educationally retrograde system of regimentation and deculturalization stretching right across the country. Morgan argues that forcing organization theory into lexicons, literal language and precise formulations is a retrograde step. The introduction into logic of psychological criteria of conclusiveness and truth is now often thought of as a retrograde step. The removal of car tax also proved irresistible to drivers but is seen in retrospect as a retrograde step, and, according to Brennan, ‘over the top’. Closing small rural primary schools is a retrograde step, " said Deputy Ring. The song can be perceived in a feminist way - as attacking retrograde, restrictive beauty standards that obviously not a lot of women can relate to. It seemed to stand for everything that was most retrograde and irrelevant. Whatever one calls the event, under the influence, first of Alfred Cobban, later of Francois Furet, the view of the Revolution as an attack of the bourgeoisie against a retrograde feudal order was demolished. Mr Ancram called the company's decision to close the post office a retrograde step. However, a retrograde feature is that the vehicle only has one airbag, almost uniquely on the Irish market. Ned and Stacey asks the question of whether such a preposterously retrograde idea could be the basis of a comedy in the 1990s. Against those who viewed the ‘ama de casa’ as a retrograde obstacle to modernization, the Association reminded them of the social value of housewives in the regulation of the family economy and the formation of children. Perhaps the model is in need of some updating, and no longer fulfils all of its original objectives, but replacing it with an even more flawed design is surely a retrograde step. Rather, hers was a revivalism that could use indigenous culture, especially the Irish language, to expose the retrograde tendencies that persisted within Irish society. In fact, throughout the strike the union refused to discuss what it believed to be the company's retrograde plan. The appellant asserts that the building was uninhabitable when he moved in, and that to return it to that state would be a retrograde step. Life drawing has come to be regarded as a retrograde activity that now represents an ideological divide. That had been regarded as a retrograde move by some critics; Tchaikovsky did not fit with their taste. You don't need to be a usability expert to see that this is a retrograde step. Synonyms for the worse, regressive, negative, downhill, unwelcome, unprogressive worsening, deteriorating, degenerate, declining 2.1 (of amnesia) involving the period immediately preceding the causal event. （健忘症）逆行性的 Example sentencesExamples Keep in mind that I crashed my car and got retrograde amnesia or something. ‘That's called retrograde amnesia, which is common,’ Umberto said. However, he described the injury as ‘severe’ given the CT scan findings, the fracture and retrograde amnesia. The amount of retrograde amnesia in H. M., for example, may have been grossly underestimated. Reports by patients of memory loss are of the erasing of autobiographical memories or retrograde amnesia. 3(of the order of something) reversed; inverse. （顺序）逆序的，颠倒的 the retrograde form of these inscriptions 这些铭文的逆序书写形式。 Example sentencesExamples The most forward sections fall into line with the rest of the soldiers, who then join in the retrograde maneuver. The names of Athena and Herakles are spelled the same way in each case, but both in the main field are retrograde inscriptions in contrast to the orthograde writing on the shoulder. His interest in counterpoint is shown in a set of 120 canons, most of them on the ‘Miserere’ plainsong, which use such techniques as augmentation, diminution, and retrograde motion. Also, as if Bach had splashed it against the far wall of the work, it comes back at us in retrograde; we find those ratios operating in reverse, coming toward us. She called out for individuals to do the movement in retrograde, change direction, or otherwise alter the phrase, to create a choreographic pattern she was visualizing on the spot. They all demand hyper-mobility and a demonic coordination that has you switching into retrograde or performing the top half of one phrase with the bottom of another. These last two devices may be combined to form a mirror canon or canon in retrograde inversion, where the second voice has the melody backwards and with the intervals inverted. There is a retrograde filtration process where only certain films made east of the Bosphorous and south of the Equator actually make it back to a critiquing European audience, creating a sort of sampling bias. 4Geology (of a metamorphic change) resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure. 〔地质〕（变质作用）逆向的 Example sentencesExamples The sample was collected from a 0.5 - Im wide pegmatite pocket in a partly retrograded, undeformed part of an equigranular, medium - to coarse-grained gabbro at Lavikdal. A large pebble with a gneissose appearance is a retrograded orthogneiss, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, feldspar and muscovite, with relics of biotite, mostly chloritized, and a weakly folded tectonic foliation. The stretching lineation is commonly defined by biotite and by recrystallized plagioclase in tails surrounding rotated, moderately retrograded, garnet porphyroclasts. noun ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd rare A degenerate person. 〈罕〉堕落的人 Example sentencesExamples As a consequence, for several decades now, the only students being taught this old style are the retrogrades, the people who are holding out in some way. Synonyms reprobate, debauchee, rake, profligate, libertine, roué, loose-liver verb ˈrɛtrəɡreɪdˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪd [no object] 1archaic Go back in position or time. 〈古〉向后移动，后退；退回（到从前） our history must retrograde for the space of a few pages 我们的历史得倒退几页谈谈。 Example sentencesExamples The business of anti-slavery was, and is, to purify the fountain, whence all these streams flow; if it turns aside to take charge of any one of the streams, however important, it is obvious enough that the whole work must retrograde; for, if the fountain be not kept pure, no one of the streams will flow with clear water. All that is human must retrograde if it does not advance. 1.1 Revert to an earlier and inferior condition. 倒退的，退化的 people cannot habitually trample on law and justice without retrograding toward barbarism 人们如果经常践踏法律和正义就会向野蛮状态倒退。 Example sentencesExamples One observer was heard to say that rather than depicting the progress of the past one hundred years, ‘it seemed to show we have retrograded in that time.’ Synonyms revert, retrogress, relapse, lapse, backslide, go backwards, slip back, drift back, subside, sink back 2Astronomy Show retrograde motion. 〔天文〕出现逆行现象 all the planets will at some time appear to retrograde 所有的行星在某些时候都会看起来在逆行。 Example sentencesExamples Had the subsequently discovered planet Uranus displayed retrograde motion, the Newtonian theory would have been off the hook. Mars retrogrades among the stars of Ophiuchus all month. Each planet retrogrades, except the Sun and Moon (not really planets). For forty days at a time, Venus reverses direction as seen against the stars, so that it retrogrades over the same part of the zodiac every eight years. This weekend's Sun and Mercury march into fiery Aries, named for an ancient war god - while Pluto, said to activate the collective unconscious, retrogrades in Sagittarius, another fire sign, till the end of August. Derivatives retrogradely adverb If the pathway conducts only retrogradely, the electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm will be normal and the pathway is said to be ‘concealed’. Example sentencesExamples A meshwork of actin polymerizes at the leading edge and flows retrogradely toward the cell body. The left atrium can be accessed either retrogradely via the aortic valve, by flexing the catheter tip through the mitral valve, or transeptally across the atrial septum. The balloon is usually introduced retrogradely via the femoral artery and passed across the aortic valve. HSV - 1 also retrogradely infects neurons in both the peripheral and the central nervous system through the nerve terminals innervating the peripheral tissues. Origin Late Middle English (as a term in astronomy): from Latin retrogradus, from retro 'backwards' + gradus 'step' (from gradi 'to walk'). Definition of retrograde in US English: retrograde adjectiveˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād 1Directed or moving backward. 向后的，后退的 a retrograde flow 回流。 Example sentencesExamples On the contrary, his politics were often questionably retrograde. Speckle tracking in migrating cells with retrograde flow had turned out to be more challenging. His realistic style was considered too retrograde and old-fashioned. Some in Hollywood, though, say that the women who've scaled the studio hierarchy have done so by adopting retrograde ideas. Obviously, aortic insufficiency can lead to an additional augmentation of the retrograde flow. Then turn the nuts on the suspending rods, so as to compress the springs just enough to give the platen a quick retrograde motion; observing, at the same time, to get the surface of the platen parallel with the surface of the bed. This argument seeks to make conservatism, not retrograde but prescient. It should come as no surprise that his approach is deemed politically retrograde and unacceptable. It is certainly not a retrograde piece of aesthetics, but it hardly seems to break the new ground that was hoped for, either. They argue that the style is retrograde and that they reflect neither recent Malian contemporary art nor a Malian aesthetic. Maybe it's old-fashioned, retrograde, romantic, but I would tend to draw a distinction between an author's decision to create a novel and a studio's decision to option it for adaptation. Once responsive data becomes available in our future-side databases, it is forwarded to a Temporal Router, encoded in a wave packet riding a retrograde quantum effect, and passed back to our present-side machines. Many of course would stop here and dismiss this inherently nostalgic call for a revalidation of the beautiful as hopelessly retrograde and unproductive. American doctrinal thought exhibited a certain retrograde character during the years before the Civil War. This newest version is both progressive and retrograde. In some patients the atrioventricular node allows retrograde conduction of ventricular impulses to the atria. Theirs was no retrograde revival of past styles, but a reworking of Giotto and the Italian primitives through a modernist lens, specifically, the ironic classicism of Giorgio de Chirico. Synonyms backward, backwards, reverse, rearward, directed backwards, retreating, retrogressive 1.1 Reverting to an earlier and inferior condition. 倒退的，退化的 to go back on the progress that has been made would be a retrograde step 在已经取得的进步基础上后退，将是一种退步。 Example sentencesExamples Residential school histories portray in painful detail an educationally retrograde system of regimentation and deculturalization stretching right across the country. Whatever one calls the event, under the influence, first of Alfred Cobban, later of Francois Furet, the view of the Revolution as an attack of the bourgeoisie against a retrograde feudal order was demolished. Closing small rural primary schools is a retrograde step, " said Deputy Ring. Against those who viewed the ‘ama de casa’ as a retrograde obstacle to modernization, the Association reminded them of the social value of housewives in the regulation of the family economy and the formation of children. You don't need to be a usability expert to see that this is a retrograde step. Mr Ancram called the company's decision to close the post office a retrograde step. The removal of car tax also proved irresistible to drivers but is seen in retrospect as a retrograde step, and, according to Brennan, ‘over the top’. However, a retrograde feature is that the vehicle only has one airbag, almost uniquely on the Irish market. Ned and Stacey asks the question of whether such a preposterously retrograde idea could be the basis of a comedy in the 1990s. It seemed to stand for everything that was most retrograde and irrelevant. Life drawing has come to be regarded as a retrograde activity that now represents an ideological divide. Morgan argues that forcing organization theory into lexicons, literal language and precise formulations is a retrograde step. The introduction into logic of psychological criteria of conclusiveness and truth is now often thought of as a retrograde step. Would this, in the eyes of the Government, be a retrograde step? In fact, throughout the strike the union refused to discuss what it believed to be the company's retrograde plan. Rather, hers was a revivalism that could use indigenous culture, especially the Irish language, to expose the retrograde tendencies that persisted within Irish society. That had been regarded as a retrograde move by some critics; Tchaikovsky did not fit with their taste. Perhaps the model is in need of some updating, and no longer fulfils all of its original objectives, but replacing it with an even more flawed design is surely a retrograde step. The song can be perceived in a feminist way - as attacking retrograde, restrictive beauty standards that obviously not a lot of women can relate to. The appellant asserts that the building was uninhabitable when he moved in, and that to return it to that state would be a retrograde step. Synonyms for the worse, regressive, negative, downhill, unwelcome, unprogressive 1.2 (of the order of something) reversed; inverse. （顺序）逆序的，颠倒的 the retrograde form of these inscriptions 这些铭文的逆序书写形式。 Example sentencesExamples The names of Athena and Herakles are spelled the same way in each case, but both in the main field are retrograde inscriptions in contrast to the orthograde writing on the shoulder. These last two devices may be combined to form a mirror canon or canon in retrograde inversion, where the second voice has the melody backwards and with the intervals inverted. Also, as if Bach had splashed it against the far wall of the work, it comes back at us in retrograde; we find those ratios operating in reverse, coming toward us. There is a retrograde filtration process where only certain films made east of the Bosphorous and south of the Equator actually make it back to a critiquing European audience, creating a sort of sampling bias. They all demand hyper-mobility and a demonic coordination that has you switching into retrograde or performing the top half of one phrase with the bottom of another. His interest in counterpoint is shown in a set of 120 canons, most of them on the ‘Miserere’ plainsong, which use such techniques as augmentation, diminution, and retrograde motion. She called out for individuals to do the movement in retrograde, change direction, or otherwise alter the phrase, to create a choreographic pattern she was visualizing on the spot. The most forward sections fall into line with the rest of the soldiers, who then join in the retrograde maneuver. 1.3 (of amnesia) involving the period immediately preceding the causal event. （健忘症）逆行性的 Example sentencesExamples Reports by patients of memory loss are of the erasing of autobiographical memories or retrograde amnesia. However, he described the injury as ‘severe’ given the CT scan findings, the fracture and retrograde amnesia. The amount of retrograde amnesia in H. M., for example, may have been grossly underestimated. Keep in mind that I crashed my car and got retrograde amnesia or something. ‘That's called retrograde amnesia, which is common,’ Umberto said. 1.4Geology (of a metamorphic change) resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure. 〔地质〕（变质作用）逆向的 Example sentencesExamples A large pebble with a gneissose appearance is a retrograded orthogneiss, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, feldspar and muscovite, with relics of biotite, mostly chloritized, and a weakly folded tectonic foliation. The stretching lineation is commonly defined by biotite and by recrystallized plagioclase in tails surrounding rotated, moderately retrograded, garnet porphyroclasts. The sample was collected from a 0.5 - Im wide pegmatite pocket in a partly retrograded, undeformed part of an equigranular, medium - to coarse-grained gabbro at Lavikdal. 1.5Astrology Astronomy (of the apparent motion of a planet) in a reverse direction from normal (from east to west), resulting from the relative orbital progress of the earth and the planet. 〔天文，占星〕（行星的视运动）逆行的。PROGRADE 的反义词 The opposite of prograde Example sentencesExamples The Sun's conjunction with retrograde Mercury in Cancer shows her dislike of public speaking. Through a careful examination of the retrograde motion of Mercury through Cassiopeia, and the conjunction of Jupiter with Neptune, I've discovered that today is Doug's thirteen hundred and fiftieth birthday. Or, look at the movement of Saturn, which turns retrograde on October 11. There are dozens of less retrograde travelers in whose hoofprints we will also be journeying, for whom the pleasures of Eastern travel were not so strictly identical with the sublime egotism of Western identity formation. Mercury turns retrograde, this time in the air sign of Libra, from September 14 to October 6. 1.6Astronomy (of the orbit or rotation of a planet or planetary satellite) in a reverse direction from that normal in the solar system. 〔天文〕（行星或其卫星的轨道运行或自转）逆行的 Example sentencesExamples All six are retrograde orbits with inclinations greater than 90 degrees. Before Copernicus formulated his theory, retrograde planetary motions were just ‘facts’. It has an odd, retrograde rotation so slow that one Venus day is around 250 Earth days long. Just 220 km in diameter, Phoebe is in a very peculiar, retrograde orbit, and is very dark. The larger impact sites have prompted speculation that collisions in Phoebe's past could have blasted off enough material to have formed Saturn's smaller retrograde moons. The remaining three, however, have retrograde orbits. nounˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād rare A degenerate person. 〈罕〉堕落的人 Example sentencesExamples As a consequence, for several decades now, the only students being taught this old style are the retrogrades, the people who are holding out in some way. Synonyms reprobate, debauchee, rake, profligate, libertine, roué, loose-liver verbˈrɛtrəˌɡreɪdˈretrəˌɡrād [no object] 1archaic Go back in position or time. 〈古〉向后移动，后退；退回（到从前） our history must retrograde for the space of a few pages 我们的历史得倒退几页谈谈。 Example sentencesExamples All that is human must retrograde if it does not advance. The business of anti-slavery was, and is, to purify the fountain, whence all these streams flow; if it turns aside to take charge of any one of the streams, however important, it is obvious enough that the whole work must retrograde; for, if the fountain be not kept pure, no one of the streams will flow with clear water. 1.1 Revert to an earlier and inferior condition. 倒退的，退化的 people cannot habitually trample on law and justice without retrograding toward barbarism 人们如果经常践踏法律和正义就会向野蛮状态倒退。 Example sentencesExamples One observer was heard to say that rather than depicting the progress of the past one hundred years, ‘it seemed to show we have retrograded in that time.’ Synonyms revert, retrogress, relapse, lapse, backslide, go backwards, slip back, drift back, subside, sink back 2Astronomy Show retrogradation. 〔天文〕出现逆行现象 all the planets will at some time appear to retrograde 所有的行星在某些时候都会看起来在逆行。 Example sentencesExamples Had the subsequently discovered planet Uranus displayed retrograde motion, the Newtonian theory would have been off the hook. For forty days at a time, Venus reverses direction as seen against the stars, so that it retrogrades over the same part of the zodiac every eight years. Mars retrogrades among the stars of Ophiuchus all month. This weekend's Sun and Mercury march into fiery Aries, named for an ancient war god - while Pluto, said to activate the collective unconscious, retrogrades in Sagittarius, another fire sign, till the end of August. Each planet retrogrades, except the Sun and Moon (not really planets). Origin Late Middle English (as a term in astronomy): from Latin retrogradus, from retro ‘backwards’ + gradus ‘step’ (from gradi ‘to walk’).
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