1The name of five kings of ancient Macedonia.

1. 1.1 Philip II (382–336 BC), father of Alexander the Great, reigned 359–336; known as Philip II of Macedon. He unified and expanded ancient Macedonia as well as carrying out a number of army reforms. His victory over Athens and Thebes at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 established his hegemony over Greece.
   腓力二世（公元前382-前336，亚历山大大帝之父，公元前359-前336年在位，通称“马其顿腓力二世”，统一并扩张了古马其顿王国，进行了多项军队改革，公元前338年在喀罗尼亚战争中对雅典人和底比斯人的胜利确定了他在希腊的霸权）
2. 1.2 Philip V (238–179 BC), reigned 221–179. His expansionist policies led to a series of confrontations with Rome, culminating in his defeat and his resultant loss of control over Greece.
   腓力五世（前238-前179，前221-前179年在位，其扩张主义政策导致与罗马的一系列对抗，最后以失败及失去对希腊的控制告终）

1The name of six kings of France.

1. 1.1 Philip I (1052–1108), reigned 1059–1108.
   腓力一世（1052-1108, 1059-1108年在位）
2. 1.2 Philip II (1165–1223), son of Louis VII, reigned 1180–1223; known as Philip Augustus. After mounting a series of campaigns against the English kings Henry II, Richard I, and John, Philip succeeded in regaining Normandy (1204), Anjou (1204), and most of Poitou (1204–5).
   腓力二世（1165-1223，路易七世之子，1180-1223年在位，通称“腓力·奥古斯都”，发动一系列反对英国国王亨利二世、理查一世和约翰的战役，成功收复诺曼底[1204]、安茹[1204]和普瓦图大部[1204-1205]）
3. 1.3 Philip III (1245–85), reigned 1270–85; known as Philip the Bold.
   腓力三世（1245-1285, 1270-1285年在位，通称“勇敢者腓力”）
4. 1.4 Philip IV (1268–1314), son of Philip III, reigned 1285–1314; known as Philip the Fair. He continued to extend French dominions, waging wars with England (1294–1303) and Flanders (1302–5).
   腓力四世（1268-1314，腓力三世之子，1285-1314年在位，通称“美男子腓力”，同英国[1294-1303]和佛兰德[1302-1305]交战，继续扩张法国领地）
5. 1.5 Philip V (1293–1322), reigned 1316–22; known as Philip the Tall.
   腓力三世（1245-1285, 1270-1285年在位，通称“勇敢者腓力”）
6. 1.6 Philip VI (1293–1350), reigned 1328–50; known as Philip of Valois. The founder of the Valois dynasty, Philip came to the throne on the death of Charles IV, whose only child was a girl and barred from ruling. His claim was challenged by Edward III of England; the dispute developed into the Hundred Years War.
   腓力六世（1293-1350, 1328-1350年在位；通称“瓦卢瓦腓力”，瓦卢瓦王朝建立者；查理四世惟有一女，不能享有统治权，因此死后由腓力六世继位，他的登基受到英国爱德华三世挑战，该争端后来发展成百年战争）

1The name of five kings of Spain.

1. 1.1 Philip I (1478–1506), reigned 1504–6; known as Philip the Handsome. Son of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, in 1496 Philip married the infanta Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. After Isabella's death he ruled Castile jointly with Joanna, establishing the Habsburgs as the ruling dynasty in Spain.
   腓力一世（1478-1506, 1504-1506年在位，通称“英俊的腓力”，神圣罗马帝国皇帝马克西米连一世之子，1496年娶阿拉贡费迪南德和卡斯蒂利亚伊莎贝拉之女胡安娜公主；伊莎贝拉死后与胡安娜共同统治卡斯蒂利亚，在西班牙建立了哈布斯堡王朝的统治）
2. 1.2 Philip II (1527–98), son of Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); reigned 1556–98. Philip came to the throne following his father's abdication. His reign was dominated by an anti-Protestant crusade that exhausted the Spanish economy. His Armada against England (1588) ended in defeat.
   腓力二世（1527-1598，查理一世之子，1556-1598年在位；腓力在父亲退位后继承王位，在位期间全力反对新教改革，耗尽了国家经济实力，无敌舰队攻打英国[1588]也以失败告终）
3. 1.3 Philip III (1578–1621), reigned 1598–1621.
   腓力一世（1052-1108, 1059-1108年在位）
4. 1.4 Philip IV (1605–65), reigned 1621–65.
   腓力一世（1052-1108, 1059-1108年在位）
5. 1.5 Philip V (1683–1746), grandson of Louis XIV, reigned 1700–24 and 1724–46. His selection as successor to Charles II, and Louis XIV's insistence that he remain an heir to the French throne, gave rise to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). In 1724 Philip abdicated in favour of his son Louis I, but returned to the throne following Louis's death.
   腓力五世（1683-1746，路易十四之孙，1700-1724年和1724-1746年在位；选腓力作为查理二世继承者和路易十四坚持腓力仍作为法国王位继承人这两件事导致西班牙王位继承战争[1701-1714]；1724年腓力让位给其子路易一世，但在路易死后再次即位）