Definition of chalk in English:

chalk

noun tʃɔːktʃɔk

mass noun

1A white soft earthy limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures.
白垩
Example sentencesExamples
- Across the valley from Monkton Combe, high above Bath, you can see the famous Westbury White Horse, the chalk image of mysterious origin.
- A deposit that is similar to chalk is diatomaceous chert.
- In the north-east is agricultural land on chalk or limestone well drained by rivers.
- Winter sweet, Chimonanthus praecox, will grow quite happily on chalk or limestone soils and fill the garden with spicy winter fragrance.
- While the factory's existence is unmissable by its towering chimney that dominates the skyline, the location of its chalk quarry near the White Horse is rather more hidden.
- Again Dave explains that this is a fantastic place for wildlife and one of the few places in the country where you can see white chalk cliffs untouched by man.
- While most people consider chalk to be white in colour, when weathered it can be grey and red (due to iron staining).
- Sprawled on the floor, her skin as white as chalk, her sightless eyes staring up the ceiling, was the body of an old lady.
- This shrubby climber occurs in woods and hedgerows in chalk and limestone areas of Southern England.
- As the androids began their attack, Ravena noticed that their eyes were as white as chalk.
- Moreover, through our cities and agriculture we are constantly varying the surface reflectivity of the Earth, as with the exposure of white chalk at Gravesend.
- The air smells like moist potting soil, the skin of potatoes… the damp chalk of limestone.
- limestones, in vineyard terms, may be normal rocky limestones or chalk, the first being much more common and its drainage properties rather variable.
- Groundwater can react with chalk and limestone to produce carbon dioxide that displaces the normal air in a confined space.
- It passes upwards into almost flat-lying white coccolith chalk with parallel lines of black flint nodules.
- It grows on chalk or limestone soils, usually in sunny, open grassland but also on south-facing hedge-banks and woodland margins.
- The company bought the land last year and started work on the site by digging into the chalk, creating a white bank which has become a landmark in the town.
- The unconformity surface is overlain by sandstone, reworked chalk or tuff, and represents submarine or subaerial erosion and missing section.
- Calcium carbonate exists as whole mountain ranges of chalk, limestone, and marble.
- Deposits of their skeletons produced much of the Mesozoic chalk and limestone.
1. 1.1 A substance (calcium sulphate) that is similar to chalk, made into white or coloured sticks for writing or drawing.
  （硫酸钙制成的）粉笔
  Example sentencesExamples
  ‘Some used to throw chalk or even the blackboard rubber at you if you wouldn't stop talking,’ she says.
  His presentation drawings, portraits, and character heads, usually made in charcoal or white chalk, were also in wide demand from discerning collectors.
  Somehow I don't think those plush corporate boxes at Cardiff have a drawing board and chalk.
  With white chalk, a recent innovation, he wrote an E on the slate.
  I knew white farmers whose idea of education for black children was a blackboard, a few sticks of chalk and a chair for an untrained teacher.
  I got up and found a perfect piece of white chalk waiting for me.
  I walked up to the front of the room, where the chalk board was, and grabbed a piece of white chalk.
  Peggy took her place at the window back inside the recovery room and watched as the detectives took their pictures, and outlined the body with white chalk.
  At various times she was told to make the sign of the cross using black or white chalk; if she chose black she would be considered a demon.
  He portrays his wife with the lightest of touches, using red chalk, heightened with white in soft, feathery strokes which evince the profound French influence on his art.
  A large Fleur-de-lis is drawn with blue and white chalk on the parking lot.
  Worse still, when the team returned they found that the baggage handlers at Auckland airport had scrawled ‘losers’ in white chalk across all their bags.
  Madeleine explained the classrooms in St Bede's sister school in Tanzania were very basic with blackboards, chalk and windows without glass.
  This exhibition features drawings in mixed media chalk, charcoal and graphite drawings on paper which have evolved from studies of the Achill landscape.
  Using white chalk, a geometric shape was lightly sketched, filling the paper to achieve balance.
  The whole class stopped, their eyes on me, and the teacher turned away from the board and pointed a short stub of blackboard chalk at me.
  I turned quickly and grabbed a piece of chalk off the black board on one of the walls.
  He took out a white piece of chalk and gave it to Rena.
  ‘Very well,’ said the master, the circle, outlined in white chalk, began to grow darker.
  Here on planet Earth white chalk on black slate provides plenty of contrast.
2. 1.2Geology count noun A series of strata consisting mainly of chalk.
  〔地质〕白垩地层
  Example sentencesExamples
  Recent work on Upper Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy in European basins has demonstrated that chalks provide valuable information on short- and long-term sea-level change.
  Pore-filling cementation is also common during the diagenesis of chalks, resulting in rapid porosity loss.
  The coccolithophorids range in age from Triassic to Recent, and form a major constituent of Mesozoic and Tertiary chalks.
  The flora extracted from the underlying Maastrichtian chalks is sparse, but indicative of open marine conditions.
  The cited examples are all interpreted as large-scale erosional scour-channels, variously associated with cemented hardgrounds, conglomeratic and nodular chalks, and debris.
2
short for French chalk

verb tʃɔːktʃɔk

[with object]

1Write or draw with chalk.
用粉笔画（或写）
he chalked a message on the board
Example sentencesExamples
- It didn't take long for us to catch on, to have contests to see who could throw the farthest, to see who could hit a target chalked on the barn wall, apples exploding and leaving their wet circles on the paintless wood.
- Irishman Bob even chalked my name up on the pool player blackboard.
- Mrs. Medori had chalked in the word ‘LOVE’ which I found endearing, since she speaks no English at all.
- The playground was awash with them, as were walls, corridors, exercise books and the backs of lower school pupils who could be held down while a pud was chalked onto their jersey.
- Gerardo, a bespoke tailor from Naples with 52 years of experience in the trade, started chalking cloth again.
- ‘Taylor must go’ was chalked on the road in front of walls topped with razor wire.
- I chalked a big poem on the street for my boyfriend.
- This is a beautiful chance to vote for those who will be providing the microwaves in Kirk, chalking revolutionary slogans beside the graveyard, fighting against fee rises, not to mention a host of other beneficial activities.
- McQueen has had notoriously bad relationships with his bosses - he used to chalk obscene messages onto the linings of suits he was tailoring in Savile Row.
- I have been drawing, painting and chalking since I was 2 years old.
- Between 150,000 and 250,000 people attended the march, carrying placards, chalking the city squares with peace signs and lying in the road to symbolise dead civilians.
- People were chalking messages over the square.
- The team went house to house, checking to see whether the drops had been administered, giving them if they had not, and then chalking the status upon wooden doors.
- If you ask, they have a little copy of the blackboard, chalked in English, that they will bring to your table.
- There is even an evolving language of street markings that uses chalked symbols to alert passers-by to a WiFi network nearby.
- Even the specials menus, advertising milkshakes, egg creams and the Lakeview's trademark breakfast pizza are still chalked onto the wall.
- Since I see it everywhere, I should take the hint and put it everywhere, hide it in messages, chalk it on walls etc.
- Too bad it did not intrigue the campus when one Republican chalked pro-life statistics and statements around campus juxtaposing the pro-choice statements.
- She proceeds to chalk her slate with fresh attributes that represent all that Manderlay hopes to skewer.
- The Little League field at Garvanza Park looks like a post card of 1950s Norman Rockwell Iowa with its trimmed lawn and chalked base paths.
- One of them concerns Arthur Stace, the man who chalked the word ‘eternity’ from one end of town to the other.
- In relation to chalking the front doorstep it has been suggested that the secret of an effective pattern was that no gaps were left, for it was through these gaps that the devil and spirits would enter the house.
- Numbers corresponding to seat numbers were chalked round the wheel of the bus, with a further mark on the mudguard.
- I can only assume this is what happens when Hugh Dallas chalks off 0.2 of a Celtic goal or adds 0.1 to a Rangers strike.
- A novelist who chalked her first words on a Lancaster windowsill has returned to her birthplace decades later.
- My former student Eric reports that chalking sidewalks does seem to be illegal in New York.
- In retaliation she had chalked her own message pointing at her neighbour's house and when she saw she had got her view across, she went to wash it off.
- Demonstrators chalked numerous messages in Library Square and along the route of the march.
- The 116th Infantry chalked this on the back of one of their vehicles going out on a patrol I accompanied.
- Would their children chalk it in doorways before they knew its meaning as a trademark?
1. 1.1 Draw or write on (a surface) with chalk.
  用粉笔画（或写）
  blackboards chalked with Japanese phrases
  Example sentencesExamples
  The exhibition was inspired by the homeless Sydney man, Arthur Stace who walked the city for decades chalking the word Eternity on pavements and walls in a perfect copperplate script.
  On a blackboard was chalked a list of meat pies for sale; I once asked for a steak and kidney pie, and the assistant descended a ladder into the basement and brought it up from the freezer.
  Mr Howard has been running a series of successful bargains, chalking up offers on the large blackboard outside his store.
  I've come up with a verse myself which is chalked up on the blackboard at the moment but I am hoping we can replace it with a better one written by a guest.
  Each engine is attended to in turn, usually according to a roster chalked on a blackboard.
  In addition to the excellent guide books, a blackboard has chalked listings of the highlights on any particular day.
  She did not, as I had hoped, lead us through the routines in slow motion, with the aid of diagrams chalked up on a blackboard.
  I remember one slogan chalked on a blackboard in the main hall: ‘The autocracy of the articulate!’
  The menu offered a selection of fish, meat and vegetarian options, with almost as many specials chalked on the blackboard.
  The simple plastic weave of a café chair, a blackboard chalked with the specials du jour, the cloudy comfort of a cool pastis and the sinuous scent of coffee and fresh-baked bread.
  Towards evening, children were chalking peace signs on the asphalt tiles.
  I looked up at the menu chalked on the blackboard behind her.
  At one stage the signs were chalked on a piece of wood.
  I counted more than 20 dishes chalked up on the blackboard and was pleasantly surprised with what was on offer.
  Carefully and deliberately a list of headings was chalked on the blackboard.
  To get the latest news, thousands would flock to the newspaper offices themselves, arrayed along Park Row near city hall, to watch the headlines get chalked up on giant blackboards.
  The crowd broke into renewed cheering when this was chalked on a blackboard.
  The latest incarnation looks every part the French bistro, from the wooden floor and chairs and prints on the wall to the fresh flowers on the table and blackboards chalked up with dishes to tempt even the most iron-willed of dieters.
  One man with a red tail invited people to scatter bread inside a dove he chalked onto the stone slabs.
  As a way of reminding and motivating students, you can see chalked on blackboards in most classrooms countdowns of the days to the examination and some encouraging words.
2. 1.2 Rub the tip of (a snooker cue) with chalk.
  用白垩粉擦（桌球杆等）
  Example sentencesExamples
  After a pause to chalk his cue, Des sank his last spot and quickly dispatched the black.
  But those of a literary bent were quick to realise the identity of the mystery guest, thoughtfully chalking his cue as he sought to get out of a snooker.
  He chalks the tip of his cue with methodical twists of the wrist.
  You know what I mean, those blue cubes that you use to chalk up your cue when you're playing snooker or pool in an attempt to make it look like you know what you're doing.
  Between each shot he studied the table carefully, chalking his cue.
  You can be chalked and loaded and assured as hell, but if you don't know how your table rolls or where to aim, you're banking too much on lucky shots.
  She slowly stalks around the table, taking her time chalking the cue, and she seems to be winning most of the games.
  Former world champion Steve Davis chalks his cue as the UK Snooker Championships got under way today at York's Barbican Centre.
  Taking only a moment to chalk his cue, he got down on the table and potted the five.
  Regulars at the Pattern Store Bar in Penzance Drive, Swindon are chalking their cues ready for the visit of the former World Champion snooker player on Wednesday, February 26.
2British Charge (drinks bought in a pub or bar) to a person's account.
〈英〉把（酒钱）记于（某人）账上
he chalked the bill on to the Professor's private account

Phrases

as different as (or like) chalk and cheese

Fundamentally different or incompatible.
〈英〉截然不同的；毫不相容的
we'll never get on—we're like chalk and cheese
Example sentencesExamples
- So I guess the locals are as different as chalk and cheese.
- More than one friend has admitted that he can be a nightmare at times, but you can't take away his talent even though, in most respects, he and Robinson are as different as chalk and cheese.
- The pair were as different as chalk and cheese but between them they forged out 29 century opening stands - and Lumb would probably argue the number would have been much higher if his celebrated partner had not run him out so many times.
- Second, it must not expect the public to distinguish between different types of nanotechnology, even if they are as different as chalk and cheese.
- The scenarios are as different as chalk and cheese.
- Whether this turns out to be true or not, in my opinion, hunting and fishing are as different as chalk and cheese so I stay out of an argument that does not involve me as a fisherman.
- But they are as different as chalk and cheese, both in appearance and otherwise: Walt is a ladies' man and an aspiring actor, while Bob is an unassuming athlete with terrible stage fright.
- Like Morecambe and Wise, Laurel and Hardy or even Starsky and Hutch, Sale's coaching duo of Jim Mallinder and Steve Diamond are as different as chalk and cheese.
- Treats as different as chalk and cheese will feature on consecutive nights next week.
- They are as different as chalk and cheese - the dapper Aussie and the typically gruff Yorkshireman.

by a long chalk

By far.
〈英〉…得多；最
she is, by a long chalk, the highest paid
Example sentencesExamples
- He claimed that whatever musical advantages The Ten may have Letters and Colours are the better dancers, by a long chalk.
- ‘We believe that we have, by a long chalk, the easiest, least disruptive, and fastest migration path from your current situation to a demand driven manufacturing system at an early phase of the project’.
- The winner, by a long chalk, is that old stalwart The Sound of Music.
- They know instinctively what to do and Kirwan clearly recognised that quality in Griffen who was my man of the match by a long chalk.
- As well as being top scorers in the Bundesliga by a long chalk, their attackers have stood up in the Champions League.
- The position against Europe has not changed much either - Germany and France are still ahead by a long chalk.
- Only a third of the economy has been denationalised, which is not considered enough by a long chalk.
- Toussaint's most recent novel, Faire l' amour, is by a long chalk the darkest of his fictions to date.
- Microsoft's biggest customer for Internet Explorer by a long chalk finally seems on the brink of kissing the software goodbye - or alternatively, it's just playing a little hard-ball.
- That very successful implementation is going to be hardest of the criteria to fulfill, by a long chalk.

chalk and talk

Teaching by traditional methods focusing on the blackboard and presentation by the teacher as opposed to more informal or interactive methods.
〈英〉使用黑板板书和老师主讲的传统教学法
Example sentencesExamples
- Numerous books and articles have been written to explain a wide range of ways economists can use alternative methods (other than chalk and talk) in various types of undergraduate courses.
- Their enemy is the big classroom lecture fronted by a distant-minded professor- the ‘sage on the stage’ who commits the sin of ‘chalk and talk,’ as the slogans go.
- ‘The key is to make the education process active, joyful and participatory, instead of just chalk and talk by teachers,’ he said.
- The directional ‘chalk and talk ‘relationship between teacher and student - students as audience - here gives way to the model of information technology based self-learning within flexibly designed space.’
- The Merlin Training Facility is a huge leap forward, with many slabs of ‘chalk and talk’ lectures replaced by computer-based lessons using CD-ROMs and powerful simulators.
- If you read through active learning literature, you can't miss the disdain for those stuck in the ‘chalk and talk’ method of conveying information to undergraduates.
- Each session starts and finishes with everyone sitting in a circle; and there is no teacher and taught, no guru, nor any ‘chalk and talk’.
- You must not do ‘chalk and talk’ at the blackboard.
- Even the ‘chalk and talk’ methods of education are being replaced by multimedia demonstrations that make it easier for students to understand and retain complex aspects of the subjects they are studying.
- The presentations were made using a traditional ‘chalk and talk’ method whereby the information was placed on a board and dutifully copied by the students.

not by a long chalk

By no means; not at all.
〈英〉决不；一点也不
they weren't beaten yet, not by a long chalk
Example sentencesExamples
- We didn't manage the lot, not by a long chalk, but we managed this distant outpost.
- I may have disabilities and problems and troubles and stuff that holds me back, but I'm not done living! Not by a long chalk.
- It's not the greatest opera ever written, not by a long chalk.
- ‘And,’ added Gilz, because he wasn't finished, not by a long chalk, ‘I bet that one of the tabloids sends a Diana look alike down to the registry office.’
- Horse racing is not perfect, not by a long chalk, but it has a future which can only get better.
- USB may be built into almost all PCs that ship today, but that doesn't mean the majority of users are hooking peripherals up to their machines using that bus, not by a long chalk.
- This is not the worst movie ever made - not by a long chalk.
- But Kammy's not done it all, not by a long chalk, and he finds this irksome.
- They are not the world's most emotional sporting enthusiasts, not by a long chalk, but even they can lose perspective.
- The toughest, not the prettiest, though, not by a long chalk.
Synonyms
by no means, by no manner of means, not at all, in no way, not in the least, not in the slightest, not the least bit, certainly not, absolutely not, definitely not, on no account, under no circumstances

Phrasal Verbs

chalk something off

(in sport) disallow a goal for an infringement of the rules.
Example sentencesExamples
- Referee Colin MacDonald chalked off the other efforts which crossed the line and Kingussie were fortunate to reach the interval in the lead.
- But the "goal" was chalked off for the foul on the keeper.
- Scott McCartney netted from a second-half penalty corner, only to have the goal chalked off for a foot infringement.
- Before the Minstermen scored the home side had a strike chalked off after Scott Jackson had strayed offside in a tight decision.
- But his effort was chalked off by referee Trevor Parkes after one of his assistants flagged for offside.
- Sammy Ayorinde had the ball in the net on 14 minutes for Stalybridge but the goal was chalked off for off-side.
- But the fleet-footed winger was adjudged to have stepped into touch and the try was chalked off.
- Boro had the ball in the net after 18 minutes but Niell Hardy's superb volleyed effort was chalked off for offside.
- After half-time, Stott scored from a penalty corner, and had another in the net only for it to be chalked off.
- What I do know is that I've 37 caps and that I've chalked off a few nice victories but I want more.

chalk something out

Sketch or plan something.
粗略地计划；规划
we have already chalked out the strategy for conducting raids
Example sentencesExamples
- What better way is there for Mos Burger to inform of the traceability of its agricultural products than a small blackboard chalking it out before your very eyes!
- The artist begins by first drawing the scene in miniature and then chalking it out to actual dimensions on black tarpaper.
- We are looking at increasing our presence in India and for this a clear growth map has been chalked out.
- Of course the easiest way to make your own batter's box template is to just chalk it out alongside a tape measure and a level.
- Instead, the concerned citizens drawn from various parts of the city were keen on chalking out ways to aid the Corporation and other agencies in the months to come.
- While the strategy at the think-tank level may well be in place, those who have chalked it out face the absence of a well-oiled machinery that can effectively implement it.
- Then he used a flame template that we found on the net and chalked it out on the seat, made them as symmetrical as possible, and then he did his upholstery thing with a layer of some type of material underneath.
- The formation a football manager chalks out on a blackboard can also sum up his outlook on life.
- The goals of this initiative are rather blurry, the details still being chalked out, but let's see where it goes.
- After I chalk it out, I move it inside the house and sit down and look at it for a long time.

chalk something up

1Achieve something noteworthy.
取得，达到
he has chalked up a box office success
他取得了票房成功。
Example sentencesExamples
- These companies have staged many splendid shows at the National Concert Hall over the years and this three-night run can be chalked up among their successes.
- Old Malton chalked up their fourth away draw from five games after a 1-1 draw at Thorpe.
- The Kildare man knows the stroke will be chalked up as a winner in his horse racing mad constituency where obviously a nod is as good as a wink…
- Listen, though you've chalked up quite a few in your lifetime, don't let it get you down.
- Sure, they have been beaten by everybody and their grandmothers since September, not even having chalked up a draw.
- Every news story over the last month which points to support for a tax cut is chalked up as a victory for the president.
- Residents who oppose the construction of the Sarcee extension may not have won the battle to prevent negotiations on the Memorandum of Understanding, but they're chalking it up as a partial victory.
- Even if everything goes according to plan - and that is a big ‘if’ - many years of gruelling negotiations lie ahead before a genuine achievement can be chalked up.
- Unfortunately, two of those losses were chalked up to the Red Deer Kings.
- She's even chalked up one of the country's top biology marks.
Synonyms
achieve, attain, accomplish, gain, earn, win, succeed in making, reach, make, get, obtain
score, tally, record, register, enter, mark, log
informal clock up, knock up, notch up, turn in, rack up, bag
2Ascribe something to a particular cause.
把…归于
I chalked my sleeplessness up to nerves
我把失眠归于神经紧张。
Example sentencesExamples
- Now I'm inclined to chalk that up to sheer dumb luck, or more accurately, to contingency.
- Let's all just chalk this up to poetic license and go with the Japan thing.
- There are some things we can chalk up to budgetary constraints and fiscal realities; there are others that we can chalk up to bad priorities.
- Though Mercatto can be unbelievably busy, I have never waited for a table and chalk it up to extremely efficient service.
- I thanked my relative for her advice and chalked up the tears to her having a melodramatic midlife crisis.
- I can't really explain why that is, so maybe we'll just have to chalk it down to the perplexing schematics of the plot and the strange blankness of most of the characters.
- If none of the scenarios and few of the characters seem particularly original, chalk it up to six-decade-old source material.
- Again, I chalk this up to the low budget they must have had.
- But the service certainly wasn't entirely bad, and I chalk the flaws up to the fact that the place is new.
- At the time I chalked the whole thing up to a careless housemate, but I've just received something that has made me rethink my assumption.
Synonyms
attribute, assign, ascribe, put down, set down, accredit, credit, give the credit for, impute
lay on, pin on, blame on, lay at the door of
connect with, associate with

Origin

Old English cealc (also denoting lime), related to Dutch kalk and German Kalk, from Latin calx (see calx).

Old English cealc, the forerunner of chalk, also meant ‘lime’. It came from Latin calx ‘lime’, which is also the source of calcium [19th]. When we say by a long chalk, meaning ‘to a great degree, by far’ (and not by a long chalk, ‘not at all’), the ‘ long chalk’ refers to the length of a line of chalk marks or tallies drawn on a blackboard. This may originally have been in the context of a pub game, where points scored were marked up on the blackboard, or perhaps in the classroom, with a teacher chalking up pupils' marks for schoolwork. In either case, a long line of chalk marks against your name would mean you were a long way ahead of the others.

Rhymes

auk, baulk, Bork, caulk (US calk), cork, Dundalk, Falk, fork, gawk, hawk, Hawke, nork, orc, outwalk, pork, squawk, stalk, stork, talk, torc, torque, walk, york

Definition of chalk in US English:

chalk

nounCHôktʃɔk

1A soft white limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures.
白垩
Example sentencesExamples
- Deposits of their skeletons produced much of the Mesozoic chalk and limestone.
- The company bought the land last year and started work on the site by digging into the chalk, creating a white bank which has become a landmark in the town.
- Winter sweet, Chimonanthus praecox, will grow quite happily on chalk or limestone soils and fill the garden with spicy winter fragrance.
- The unconformity surface is overlain by sandstone, reworked chalk or tuff, and represents submarine or subaerial erosion and missing section.
- Calcium carbonate exists as whole mountain ranges of chalk, limestone, and marble.
- This shrubby climber occurs in woods and hedgerows in chalk and limestone areas of Southern England.
- While most people consider chalk to be white in colour, when weathered it can be grey and red (due to iron staining).
- While the factory's existence is unmissable by its towering chimney that dominates the skyline, the location of its chalk quarry near the White Horse is rather more hidden.
- It passes upwards into almost flat-lying white coccolith chalk with parallel lines of black flint nodules.
- Across the valley from Monkton Combe, high above Bath, you can see the famous Westbury White Horse, the chalk image of mysterious origin.
- The air smells like moist potting soil, the skin of potatoes… the damp chalk of limestone.
- As the androids began their attack, Ravena noticed that their eyes were as white as chalk.
- Groundwater can react with chalk and limestone to produce carbon dioxide that displaces the normal air in a confined space.
- A deposit that is similar to chalk is diatomaceous chert.
- Moreover, through our cities and agriculture we are constantly varying the surface reflectivity of the Earth, as with the exposure of white chalk at Gravesend.
- limestones, in vineyard terms, may be normal rocky limestones or chalk, the first being much more common and its drainage properties rather variable.
- Again Dave explains that this is a fantastic place for wildlife and one of the few places in the country where you can see white chalk cliffs untouched by man.
- It grows on chalk or limestone soils, usually in sunny, open grassland but also on south-facing hedge-banks and woodland margins.
- In the north-east is agricultural land on chalk or limestone well drained by rivers.
- Sprawled on the floor, her skin as white as chalk, her sightless eyes staring up the ceiling, was the body of an old lady.
1. 1.1 A substance (calcium sulfate) that is similar to chalk, made into white or colored sticks for writing or drawing.
  （硫酸钙制成的）粉笔
  Example sentencesExamples
  A large Fleur-de-lis is drawn with blue and white chalk on the parking lot.
  ‘Very well,’ said the master, the circle, outlined in white chalk, began to grow darker.
  The whole class stopped, their eyes on me, and the teacher turned away from the board and pointed a short stub of blackboard chalk at me.
  This exhibition features drawings in mixed media chalk, charcoal and graphite drawings on paper which have evolved from studies of the Achill landscape.
  ‘Some used to throw chalk or even the blackboard rubber at you if you wouldn't stop talking,’ she says.
  Peggy took her place at the window back inside the recovery room and watched as the detectives took their pictures, and outlined the body with white chalk.
  I turned quickly and grabbed a piece of chalk off the black board on one of the walls.
  With white chalk, a recent innovation, he wrote an E on the slate.
  Somehow I don't think those plush corporate boxes at Cardiff have a drawing board and chalk.
  Here on planet Earth white chalk on black slate provides plenty of contrast.
  I walked up to the front of the room, where the chalk board was, and grabbed a piece of white chalk.
  He took out a white piece of chalk and gave it to Rena.
  At various times she was told to make the sign of the cross using black or white chalk; if she chose black she would be considered a demon.
  His presentation drawings, portraits, and character heads, usually made in charcoal or white chalk, were also in wide demand from discerning collectors.
  Madeleine explained the classrooms in St Bede's sister school in Tanzania were very basic with blackboards, chalk and windows without glass.
  I got up and found a perfect piece of white chalk waiting for me.
  I knew white farmers whose idea of education for black children was a blackboard, a few sticks of chalk and a chair for an untrained teacher.
  Worse still, when the team returned they found that the baggage handlers at Auckland airport had scrawled ‘losers’ in white chalk across all their bags.
  He portrays his wife with the lightest of touches, using red chalk, heightened with white in soft, feathery strokes which evince the profound French influence on his art.
  Using white chalk, a geometric shape was lightly sketched, filling the paper to achieve balance.
2. 1.2Geology A series of strata consisting mainly of chalk.
  〔地质〕白垩地层
  Example sentencesExamples
  The coccolithophorids range in age from Triassic to Recent, and form a major constituent of Mesozoic and Tertiary chalks.
  The cited examples are all interpreted as large-scale erosional scour-channels, variously associated with cemented hardgrounds, conglomeratic and nodular chalks, and debris.
  Recent work on Upper Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy in European basins has demonstrated that chalks provide valuable information on short- and long-term sea-level change.
  Pore-filling cementation is also common during the diagenesis of chalks, resulting in rapid porosity loss.
  The flora extracted from the underlying Maastrichtian chalks is sparse, but indicative of open marine conditions.
2
short for French chalk

verbCHôktʃɔk

[with object]

1Draw or write with chalk.
用粉笔画（或写）
Example sentencesExamples
- Irishman Bob even chalked my name up on the pool player blackboard.
- In relation to chalking the front doorstep it has been suggested that the secret of an effective pattern was that no gaps were left, for it was through these gaps that the devil and spirits would enter the house.
- I chalked a big poem on the street for my boyfriend.
- ‘Taylor must go’ was chalked on the road in front of walls topped with razor wire.
- The Little League field at Garvanza Park looks like a post card of 1950s Norman Rockwell Iowa with its trimmed lawn and chalked base paths.
- Mrs. Medori had chalked in the word ‘LOVE’ which I found endearing, since she speaks no English at all.
- I have been drawing, painting and chalking since I was 2 years old.
- My former student Eric reports that chalking sidewalks does seem to be illegal in New York.
- This is a beautiful chance to vote for those who will be providing the microwaves in Kirk, chalking revolutionary slogans beside the graveyard, fighting against fee rises, not to mention a host of other beneficial activities.
- The team went house to house, checking to see whether the drops had been administered, giving them if they had not, and then chalking the status upon wooden doors.
- I can only assume this is what happens when Hugh Dallas chalks off 0.2 of a Celtic goal or adds 0.1 to a Rangers strike.
- Between 150,000 and 250,000 people attended the march, carrying placards, chalking the city squares with peace signs and lying in the road to symbolise dead civilians.
- Too bad it did not intrigue the campus when one Republican chalked pro-life statistics and statements around campus juxtaposing the pro-choice statements.
- One of them concerns Arthur Stace, the man who chalked the word ‘eternity’ from one end of town to the other.
- Would their children chalk it in doorways before they knew its meaning as a trademark?
- McQueen has had notoriously bad relationships with his bosses - he used to chalk obscene messages onto the linings of suits he was tailoring in Savile Row.
- Since I see it everywhere, I should take the hint and put it everywhere, hide it in messages, chalk it on walls etc.
- A novelist who chalked her first words on a Lancaster windowsill has returned to her birthplace decades later.
- In retaliation she had chalked her own message pointing at her neighbour's house and when she saw she had got her view across, she went to wash it off.
- Demonstrators chalked numerous messages in Library Square and along the route of the march.
- Even the specials menus, advertising milkshakes, egg creams and the Lakeview's trademark breakfast pizza are still chalked onto the wall.
- The playground was awash with them, as were walls, corridors, exercise books and the backs of lower school pupils who could be held down while a pud was chalked onto their jersey.
- There is even an evolving language of street markings that uses chalked symbols to alert passers-by to a WiFi network nearby.
- The 116th Infantry chalked this on the back of one of their vehicles going out on a patrol I accompanied.
- Gerardo, a bespoke tailor from Naples with 52 years of experience in the trade, started chalking cloth again.
- It didn't take long for us to catch on, to have contests to see who could throw the farthest, to see who could hit a target chalked on the barn wall, apples exploding and leaving their wet circles on the paintless wood.
- If you ask, they have a little copy of the blackboard, chalked in English, that they will bring to your table.
- People were chalking messages over the square.
- She proceeds to chalk her slate with fresh attributes that represent all that Manderlay hopes to skewer.
- Numbers corresponding to seat numbers were chalked round the wheel of the bus, with a further mark on the mudguard.
1. 1.1 Draw or write on (a surface) with chalk.
  用粉笔画（或写）
  blackboards chalked with Japanese phrases
  Example sentencesExamples
  The latest incarnation looks every part the French bistro, from the wooden floor and chairs and prints on the wall to the fresh flowers on the table and blackboards chalked up with dishes to tempt even the most iron-willed of dieters.
  The simple plastic weave of a café chair, a blackboard chalked with the specials du jour, the cloudy comfort of a cool pastis and the sinuous scent of coffee and fresh-baked bread.
  The menu offered a selection of fish, meat and vegetarian options, with almost as many specials chalked on the blackboard.
  I counted more than 20 dishes chalked up on the blackboard and was pleasantly surprised with what was on offer.
  The exhibition was inspired by the homeless Sydney man, Arthur Stace who walked the city for decades chalking the word Eternity on pavements and walls in a perfect copperplate script.
  I looked up at the menu chalked on the blackboard behind her.
  Mr Howard has been running a series of successful bargains, chalking up offers on the large blackboard outside his store.
  In addition to the excellent guide books, a blackboard has chalked listings of the highlights on any particular day.
  She did not, as I had hoped, lead us through the routines in slow motion, with the aid of diagrams chalked up on a blackboard.
  On a blackboard was chalked a list of meat pies for sale; I once asked for a steak and kidney pie, and the assistant descended a ladder into the basement and brought it up from the freezer.
  One man with a red tail invited people to scatter bread inside a dove he chalked onto the stone slabs.
  I remember one slogan chalked on a blackboard in the main hall: ‘The autocracy of the articulate!’
  At one stage the signs were chalked on a piece of wood.
  To get the latest news, thousands would flock to the newspaper offices themselves, arrayed along Park Row near city hall, to watch the headlines get chalked up on giant blackboards.
  As a way of reminding and motivating students, you can see chalked on blackboards in most classrooms countdowns of the days to the examination and some encouraging words.
  The crowd broke into renewed cheering when this was chalked on a blackboard.
  Carefully and deliberately a list of headings was chalked on the blackboard.
  Towards evening, children were chalking peace signs on the asphalt tiles.
  I've come up with a verse myself which is chalked up on the blackboard at the moment but I am hoping we can replace it with a better one written by a guest.
  Each engine is attended to in turn, usually according to a roster chalked on a blackboard.
2. 1.2 Rub (something, especially a pool cue) with chalk.
  用白垩粉擦（桌球杆等）
  Example sentencesExamples
  You can be chalked and loaded and assured as hell, but if you don't know how your table rolls or where to aim, you're banking too much on lucky shots.
  After a pause to chalk his cue, Des sank his last spot and quickly dispatched the black.
  Between each shot he studied the table carefully, chalking his cue.
  You know what I mean, those blue cubes that you use to chalk up your cue when you're playing snooker or pool in an attempt to make it look like you know what you're doing.
  Former world champion Steve Davis chalks his cue as the UK Snooker Championships got under way today at York's Barbican Centre.
  Taking only a moment to chalk his cue, he got down on the table and potted the five.
  Regulars at the Pattern Store Bar in Penzance Drive, Swindon are chalking their cues ready for the visit of the former World Champion snooker player on Wednesday, February 26.
  He chalks the tip of his cue with methodical twists of the wrist.
  She slowly stalks around the table, taking her time chalking the cue, and she seems to be winning most of the games.
  But those of a literary bent were quick to realise the identity of the mystery guest, thoughtfully chalking his cue as he sought to get out of a snooker.
2British Charge (drinks bought in a bar) to a person's account.
〈英〉把（酒钱）记于（某人）账上

Phrases

as different as (or like) chalk and cheese

Fundamentally different or incompatible.
〈英〉截然不同的；毫不相容的
Example sentencesExamples
- Like Morecambe and Wise, Laurel and Hardy or even Starsky and Hutch, Sale's coaching duo of Jim Mallinder and Steve Diamond are as different as chalk and cheese.
- More than one friend has admitted that he can be a nightmare at times, but you can't take away his talent even though, in most respects, he and Robinson are as different as chalk and cheese.
- But they are as different as chalk and cheese, both in appearance and otherwise: Walt is a ladies' man and an aspiring actor, while Bob is an unassuming athlete with terrible stage fright.
- The pair were as different as chalk and cheese but between them they forged out 29 century opening stands - and Lumb would probably argue the number would have been much higher if his celebrated partner had not run him out so many times.
- So I guess the locals are as different as chalk and cheese.
- They are as different as chalk and cheese - the dapper Aussie and the typically gruff Yorkshireman.
- Second, it must not expect the public to distinguish between different types of nanotechnology, even if they are as different as chalk and cheese.
- Whether this turns out to be true or not, in my opinion, hunting and fishing are as different as chalk and cheese so I stay out of an argument that does not involve me as a fisherman.
- Treats as different as chalk and cheese will feature on consecutive nights next week.
- The scenarios are as different as chalk and cheese.

by a long chalk

By far.
〈英〉…得多；最
Example sentencesExamples
- ‘We believe that we have, by a long chalk, the easiest, least disruptive, and fastest migration path from your current situation to a demand driven manufacturing system at an early phase of the project’.
- Microsoft's biggest customer for Internet Explorer by a long chalk finally seems on the brink of kissing the software goodbye - or alternatively, it's just playing a little hard-ball.
- The winner, by a long chalk, is that old stalwart The Sound of Music.
- He claimed that whatever musical advantages The Ten may have Letters and Colours are the better dancers, by a long chalk.
- That very successful implementation is going to be hardest of the criteria to fulfill, by a long chalk.
- Toussaint's most recent novel, Faire l' amour, is by a long chalk the darkest of his fictions to date.
- As well as being top scorers in the Bundesliga by a long chalk, their attackers have stood up in the Champions League.
- The position against Europe has not changed much either - Germany and France are still ahead by a long chalk.
- Only a third of the economy has been denationalised, which is not considered enough by a long chalk.
- They know instinctively what to do and Kirwan clearly recognised that quality in Griffen who was my man of the match by a long chalk.

not by a long chalk

By no means; not at all.
〈英〉决不；一点也不
they weren't beaten yet, not by a long chalk
Example sentencesExamples
- But Kammy's not done it all, not by a long chalk, and he finds this irksome.
- We didn't manage the lot, not by a long chalk, but we managed this distant outpost.
- I may have disabilities and problems and troubles and stuff that holds me back, but I'm not done living! Not by a long chalk.
- This is not the worst movie ever made - not by a long chalk.
- They are not the world's most emotional sporting enthusiasts, not by a long chalk, but even they can lose perspective.
- ‘And,’ added Gilz, because he wasn't finished, not by a long chalk, ‘I bet that one of the tabloids sends a Diana look alike down to the registry office.’
- The toughest, not the prettiest, though, not by a long chalk.
- Horse racing is not perfect, not by a long chalk, but it has a future which can only get better.
- It's not the greatest opera ever written, not by a long chalk.
- USB may be built into almost all PCs that ship today, but that doesn't mean the majority of users are hooking peripherals up to their machines using that bus, not by a long chalk.
Synonyms
by no means, by no manner of means, not at all, in no way, not in the least, not in the slightest, not the least bit, certainly not, absolutely not, definitely not, on no account, under no circumstances

Phrasal Verbs

chalk something out

Sketch or plan something.
粗略地计划；规划
we have already chalked out the strategy for conducting raids
Example sentencesExamples
- We are looking at increasing our presence in India and for this a clear growth map has been chalked out.
- Of course the easiest way to make your own batter's box template is to just chalk it out alongside a tape measure and a level.
- While the strategy at the think-tank level may well be in place, those who have chalked it out face the absence of a well-oiled machinery that can effectively implement it.
- What better way is there for Mos Burger to inform of the traceability of its agricultural products than a small blackboard chalking it out before your very eyes!
- The formation a football manager chalks out on a blackboard can also sum up his outlook on life.
- The artist begins by first drawing the scene in miniature and then chalking it out to actual dimensions on black tarpaper.
- Then he used a flame template that we found on the net and chalked it out on the seat, made them as symmetrical as possible, and then he did his upholstery thing with a layer of some type of material underneath.
- Instead, the concerned citizens drawn from various parts of the city were keen on chalking out ways to aid the Corporation and other agencies in the months to come.
- The goals of this initiative are rather blurry, the details still being chalked out, but let's see where it goes.
- After I chalk it out, I move it inside the house and sit down and look at it for a long time.

chalk something up

1Achieve something noteworthy.
取得，达到
he has chalked up a box-office success
他取得了票房成功。
Example sentencesExamples
- The Kildare man knows the stroke will be chalked up as a winner in his horse racing mad constituency where obviously a nod is as good as a wink…
- Sure, they have been beaten by everybody and their grandmothers since September, not even having chalked up a draw.
- Unfortunately, two of those losses were chalked up to the Red Deer Kings.
- She's even chalked up one of the country's top biology marks.
- Every news story over the last month which points to support for a tax cut is chalked up as a victory for the president.
- Listen, though you've chalked up quite a few in your lifetime, don't let it get you down.
- These companies have staged many splendid shows at the National Concert Hall over the years and this three-night run can be chalked up among their successes.
- Residents who oppose the construction of the Sarcee extension may not have won the battle to prevent negotiations on the Memorandum of Understanding, but they're chalking it up as a partial victory.
- Old Malton chalked up their fourth away draw from five games after a 1-1 draw at Thorpe.
- Even if everything goes according to plan - and that is a big ‘if’ - many years of gruelling negotiations lie ahead before a genuine achievement can be chalked up.
Synonyms
achieve, attain, accomplish, gain, earn, win, succeed in making, reach, make, get, obtain
2Ascribe something to a particular cause.
把…归于
I chalked my sleeplessness up to nerves
我把失眠归于神经紧张。
Example sentencesExamples
- I thanked my relative for her advice and chalked up the tears to her having a melodramatic midlife crisis.
- At the time I chalked the whole thing up to a careless housemate, but I've just received something that has made me rethink my assumption.
- There are some things we can chalk up to budgetary constraints and fiscal realities; there are others that we can chalk up to bad priorities.
- Again, I chalk this up to the low budget they must have had.
- Now I'm inclined to chalk that up to sheer dumb luck, or more accurately, to contingency.
- But the service certainly wasn't entirely bad, and I chalk the flaws up to the fact that the place is new.
- Let's all just chalk this up to poetic license and go with the Japan thing.
- If none of the scenarios and few of the characters seem particularly original, chalk it up to six-decade-old source material.
- I can't really explain why that is, so maybe we'll just have to chalk it down to the perplexing schematics of the plot and the strange blankness of most of the characters.
- Though Mercatto can be unbelievably busy, I have never waited for a table and chalk it up to extremely efficient service.
Synonyms
attribute, assign, ascribe, put down, set down, accredit, credit, give the credit for, impute

Origin

Old English cealc (also denoting lime), related to Dutch kalk and German Kalk, from Latin calx (see calx).

词汇	chalk
释义	Definition of chalk in English: chalk noun tʃɔːktʃɔk mass noun 1A white soft earthy limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures. 白垩 Example sentencesExamples Across the valley from Monkton Combe, high above Bath, you can see the famous Westbury White Horse, the chalk image of mysterious origin. A deposit that is similar to chalk is diatomaceous chert. In the north-east is agricultural land on chalk or limestone well drained by rivers. Winter sweet, Chimonanthus praecox, will grow quite happily on chalk or limestone soils and fill the garden with spicy winter fragrance. While the factory's existence is unmissable by its towering chimney that dominates the skyline, the location of its chalk quarry near the White Horse is rather more hidden. Again Dave explains that this is a fantastic place for wildlife and one of the few places in the country where you can see white chalk cliffs untouched by man. While most people consider chalk to be white in colour, when weathered it can be grey and red (due to iron staining). Sprawled on the floor, her skin as white as chalk, her sightless eyes staring up the ceiling, was the body of an old lady. This shrubby climber occurs in woods and hedgerows in chalk and limestone areas of Southern England. As the androids began their attack, Ravena noticed that their eyes were as white as chalk. Moreover, through our cities and agriculture we are constantly varying the surface reflectivity of the Earth, as with the exposure of white chalk at Gravesend. The air smells like moist potting soil, the skin of potatoes… the damp chalk of limestone. limestones, in vineyard terms, may be normal rocky limestones or chalk, the first being much more common and its drainage properties rather variable. Groundwater can react with chalk and limestone to produce carbon dioxide that displaces the normal air in a confined space. It passes upwards into almost flat-lying white coccolith chalk with parallel lines of black flint nodules. It grows on chalk or limestone soils, usually in sunny, open grassland but also on south-facing hedge-banks and woodland margins. The company bought the land last year and started work on the site by digging into the chalk, creating a white bank which has become a landmark in the town. The unconformity surface is overlain by sandstone, reworked chalk or tuff, and represents submarine or subaerial erosion and missing section. Calcium carbonate exists as whole mountain ranges of chalk, limestone, and marble. Deposits of their skeletons produced much of the Mesozoic chalk and limestone. 1.1 A substance (calcium sulphate) that is similar to chalk, made into white or coloured sticks for writing or drawing. （硫酸钙制成的）粉笔 Example sentencesExamples ‘Some used to throw chalk or even the blackboard rubber at you if you wouldn't stop talking,’ she says. His presentation drawings, portraits, and character heads, usually made in charcoal or white chalk, were also in wide demand from discerning collectors. Somehow I don't think those plush corporate boxes at Cardiff have a drawing board and chalk. With white chalk, a recent innovation, he wrote an E on the slate. I knew white farmers whose idea of education for black children was a blackboard, a few sticks of chalk and a chair for an untrained teacher. I got up and found a perfect piece of white chalk waiting for me. I walked up to the front of the room, where the chalk board was, and grabbed a piece of white chalk. Peggy took her place at the window back inside the recovery room and watched as the detectives took their pictures, and outlined the body with white chalk. At various times she was told to make the sign of the cross using black or white chalk; if she chose black she would be considered a demon. He portrays his wife with the lightest of touches, using red chalk, heightened with white in soft, feathery strokes which evince the profound French influence on his art. A large Fleur-de-lis is drawn with blue and white chalk on the parking lot. Worse still, when the team returned they found that the baggage handlers at Auckland airport had scrawled ‘losers’ in white chalk across all their bags. Madeleine explained the classrooms in St Bede's sister school in Tanzania were very basic with blackboards, chalk and windows without glass. This exhibition features drawings in mixed media chalk, charcoal and graphite drawings on paper which have evolved from studies of the Achill landscape. Using white chalk, a geometric shape was lightly sketched, filling the paper to achieve balance. The whole class stopped, their eyes on me, and the teacher turned away from the board and pointed a short stub of blackboard chalk at me. I turned quickly and grabbed a piece of chalk off the black board on one of the walls. He took out a white piece of chalk and gave it to Rena. ‘Very well,’ said the master, the circle, outlined in white chalk, began to grow darker. Here on planet Earth white chalk on black slate provides plenty of contrast. 1.2Geology count noun A series of strata consisting mainly of chalk. 〔地质〕白垩地层 Example sentencesExamples Recent work on Upper Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy in European basins has demonstrated that chalks provide valuable information on short- and long-term sea-level change. Pore-filling cementation is also common during the diagenesis of chalks, resulting in rapid porosity loss. The coccolithophorids range in age from Triassic to Recent, and form a major constituent of Mesozoic and Tertiary chalks. The flora extracted from the underlying Maastrichtian chalks is sparse, but indicative of open marine conditions. The cited examples are all interpreted as large-scale erosional scour-channels, variously associated with cemented hardgrounds, conglomeratic and nodular chalks, and debris. 2 short for French chalk verb tʃɔːktʃɔk [with object] 1Write or draw with chalk. 用粉笔画（或写） he chalked a message on the board Example sentencesExamples It didn't take long for us to catch on, to have contests to see who could throw the farthest, to see who could hit a target chalked on the barn wall, apples exploding and leaving their wet circles on the paintless wood. Irishman Bob even chalked my name up on the pool player blackboard. Mrs. Medori had chalked in the word ‘LOVE’ which I found endearing, since she speaks no English at all. The playground was awash with them, as were walls, corridors, exercise books and the backs of lower school pupils who could be held down while a pud was chalked onto their jersey. Gerardo, a bespoke tailor from Naples with 52 years of experience in the trade, started chalking cloth again. ‘Taylor must go’ was chalked on the road in front of walls topped with razor wire. I chalked a big poem on the street for my boyfriend. This is a beautiful chance to vote for those who will be providing the microwaves in Kirk, chalking revolutionary slogans beside the graveyard, fighting against fee rises, not to mention a host of other beneficial activities. McQueen has had notoriously bad relationships with his bosses - he used to chalk obscene messages onto the linings of suits he was tailoring in Savile Row. I have been drawing, painting and chalking since I was 2 years old. Between 150,000 and 250,000 people attended the march, carrying placards, chalking the city squares with peace signs and lying in the road to symbolise dead civilians. People were chalking messages over the square. The team went house to house, checking to see whether the drops had been administered, giving them if they had not, and then chalking the status upon wooden doors. If you ask, they have a little copy of the blackboard, chalked in English, that they will bring to your table. There is even an evolving language of street markings that uses chalked symbols to alert passers-by to a WiFi network nearby. Even the specials menus, advertising milkshakes, egg creams and the Lakeview's trademark breakfast pizza are still chalked onto the wall. Since I see it everywhere, I should take the hint and put it everywhere, hide it in messages, chalk it on walls etc. Too bad it did not intrigue the campus when one Republican chalked pro-life statistics and statements around campus juxtaposing the pro-choice statements. She proceeds to chalk her slate with fresh attributes that represent all that Manderlay hopes to skewer. The Little League field at Garvanza Park looks like a post card of 1950s Norman Rockwell Iowa with its trimmed lawn and chalked base paths. One of them concerns Arthur Stace, the man who chalked the word ‘eternity’ from one end of town to the other. In relation to chalking the front doorstep it has been suggested that the secret of an effective pattern was that no gaps were left, for it was through these gaps that the devil and spirits would enter the house. Numbers corresponding to seat numbers were chalked round the wheel of the bus, with a further mark on the mudguard. I can only assume this is what happens when Hugh Dallas chalks off 0.2 of a Celtic goal or adds 0.1 to a Rangers strike. A novelist who chalked her first words on a Lancaster windowsill has returned to her birthplace decades later. My former student Eric reports that chalking sidewalks does seem to be illegal in New York. In retaliation she had chalked her own message pointing at her neighbour's house and when she saw she had got her view across, she went to wash it off. Demonstrators chalked numerous messages in Library Square and along the route of the march. The 116th Infantry chalked this on the back of one of their vehicles going out on a patrol I accompanied. Would their children chalk it in doorways before they knew its meaning as a trademark? 1.1 Draw or write on (a surface) with chalk. 用粉笔画（或写） blackboards chalked with Japanese phrases Example sentencesExamples The exhibition was inspired by the homeless Sydney man, Arthur Stace who walked the city for decades chalking the word Eternity on pavements and walls in a perfect copperplate script. On a blackboard was chalked a list of meat pies for sale; I once asked for a steak and kidney pie, and the assistant descended a ladder into the basement and brought it up from the freezer. Mr Howard has been running a series of successful bargains, chalking up offers on the large blackboard outside his store. I've come up with a verse myself which is chalked up on the blackboard at the moment but I am hoping we can replace it with a better one written by a guest. Each engine is attended to in turn, usually according to a roster chalked on a blackboard. In addition to the excellent guide books, a blackboard has chalked listings of the highlights on any particular day. She did not, as I had hoped, lead us through the routines in slow motion, with the aid of diagrams chalked up on a blackboard. I remember one slogan chalked on a blackboard in the main hall: ‘The autocracy of the articulate!’ The menu offered a selection of fish, meat and vegetarian options, with almost as many specials chalked on the blackboard. The simple plastic weave of a café chair, a blackboard chalked with the specials du jour, the cloudy comfort of a cool pastis and the sinuous scent of coffee and fresh-baked bread. Towards evening, children were chalking peace signs on the asphalt tiles. I looked up at the menu chalked on the blackboard behind her. At one stage the signs were chalked on a piece of wood. I counted more than 20 dishes chalked up on the blackboard and was pleasantly surprised with what was on offer. Carefully and deliberately a list of headings was chalked on the blackboard. To get the latest news, thousands would flock to the newspaper offices themselves, arrayed along Park Row near city hall, to watch the headlines get chalked up on giant blackboards. The crowd broke into renewed cheering when this was chalked on a blackboard. The latest incarnation looks every part the French bistro, from the wooden floor and chairs and prints on the wall to the fresh flowers on the table and blackboards chalked up with dishes to tempt even the most iron-willed of dieters. One man with a red tail invited people to scatter bread inside a dove he chalked onto the stone slabs. As a way of reminding and motivating students, you can see chalked on blackboards in most classrooms countdowns of the days to the examination and some encouraging words. 1.2 Rub the tip of (a snooker cue) with chalk. 用白垩粉擦（桌球杆等） Example sentencesExamples After a pause to chalk his cue, Des sank his last spot and quickly dispatched the black. But those of a literary bent were quick to realise the identity of the mystery guest, thoughtfully chalking his cue as he sought to get out of a snooker. He chalks the tip of his cue with methodical twists of the wrist. You know what I mean, those blue cubes that you use to chalk up your cue when you're playing snooker or pool in an attempt to make it look like you know what you're doing. Between each shot he studied the table carefully, chalking his cue. You can be chalked and loaded and assured as hell, but if you don't know how your table rolls or where to aim, you're banking too much on lucky shots. She slowly stalks around the table, taking her time chalking the cue, and she seems to be winning most of the games. Former world champion Steve Davis chalks his cue as the UK Snooker Championships got under way today at York's Barbican Centre. Taking only a moment to chalk his cue, he got down on the table and potted the five. Regulars at the Pattern Store Bar in Penzance Drive, Swindon are chalking their cues ready for the visit of the former World Champion snooker player on Wednesday, February 26. 2British Charge (drinks bought in a pub or bar) to a person's account. 〈英〉把（酒钱）记于（某人）账上 he chalked the bill on to the Professor's private account Phrases as different as (or like) chalk and cheese Fundamentally different or incompatible. 〈英〉截然不同的；毫不相容的 we'll never get on—we're like chalk and cheese Example sentencesExamples So I guess the locals are as different as chalk and cheese. More than one friend has admitted that he can be a nightmare at times, but you can't take away his talent even though, in most respects, he and Robinson are as different as chalk and cheese. The pair were as different as chalk and cheese but between them they forged out 29 century opening stands - and Lumb would probably argue the number would have been much higher if his celebrated partner had not run him out so many times. Second, it must not expect the public to distinguish between different types of nanotechnology, even if they are as different as chalk and cheese. The scenarios are as different as chalk and cheese. Whether this turns out to be true or not, in my opinion, hunting and fishing are as different as chalk and cheese so I stay out of an argument that does not involve me as a fisherman. But they are as different as chalk and cheese, both in appearance and otherwise: Walt is a ladies' man and an aspiring actor, while Bob is an unassuming athlete with terrible stage fright. Like Morecambe and Wise, Laurel and Hardy or even Starsky and Hutch, Sale's coaching duo of Jim Mallinder and Steve Diamond are as different as chalk and cheese. Treats as different as chalk and cheese will feature on consecutive nights next week. They are as different as chalk and cheese - the dapper Aussie and the typically gruff Yorkshireman. by a long chalk By far. 〈英〉…得多；最 she is, by a long chalk, the highest paid Example sentencesExamples He claimed that whatever musical advantages The Ten may have Letters and Colours are the better dancers, by a long chalk. ‘We believe that we have, by a long chalk, the easiest, least disruptive, and fastest migration path from your current situation to a demand driven manufacturing system at an early phase of the project’. The winner, by a long chalk, is that old stalwart The Sound of Music. They know instinctively what to do and Kirwan clearly recognised that quality in Griffen who was my man of the match by a long chalk. As well as being top scorers in the Bundesliga by a long chalk, their attackers have stood up in the Champions League. The position against Europe has not changed much either - Germany and France are still ahead by a long chalk. Only a third of the economy has been denationalised, which is not considered enough by a long chalk. Toussaint's most recent novel, Faire l' amour, is by a long chalk the darkest of his fictions to date. Microsoft's biggest customer for Internet Explorer by a long chalk finally seems on the brink of kissing the software goodbye - or alternatively, it's just playing a little hard-ball. That very successful implementation is going to be hardest of the criteria to fulfill, by a long chalk. chalk and talk Teaching by traditional methods focusing on the blackboard and presentation by the teacher as opposed to more informal or interactive methods. 〈英〉使用黑板板书和老师主讲的传统教学法 Example sentencesExamples Numerous books and articles have been written to explain a wide range of ways economists can use alternative methods (other than chalk and talk) in various types of undergraduate courses. Their enemy is the big classroom lecture fronted by a distant-minded professor- the ‘sage on the stage’ who commits the sin of ‘chalk and talk,’ as the slogans go. ‘The key is to make the education process active, joyful and participatory, instead of just chalk and talk by teachers,’ he said. The directional ‘chalk and talk ‘relationship between teacher and student - students as audience - here gives way to the model of information technology based self-learning within flexibly designed space.’ The Merlin Training Facility is a huge leap forward, with many slabs of ‘chalk and talk’ lectures replaced by computer-based lessons using CD-ROMs and powerful simulators. If you read through active learning literature, you can't miss the disdain for those stuck in the ‘chalk and talk’ method of conveying information to undergraduates. Each session starts and finishes with everyone sitting in a circle; and there is no teacher and taught, no guru, nor any ‘chalk and talk’. You must not do ‘chalk and talk’ at the blackboard. Even the ‘chalk and talk’ methods of education are being replaced by multimedia demonstrations that make it easier for students to understand and retain complex aspects of the subjects they are studying. The presentations were made using a traditional ‘chalk and talk’ method whereby the information was placed on a board and dutifully copied by the students. not by a long chalk By no means; not at all. 〈英〉决不；一点也不 they weren't beaten yet, not by a long chalk Example sentencesExamples We didn't manage the lot, not by a long chalk, but we managed this distant outpost. I may have disabilities and problems and troubles and stuff that holds me back, but I'm not done living! Not by a long chalk. It's not the greatest opera ever written, not by a long chalk. ‘And,’ added Gilz, because he wasn't finished, not by a long chalk, ‘I bet that one of the tabloids sends a Diana look alike down to the registry office.’ Horse racing is not perfect, not by a long chalk, but it has a future which can only get better. USB may be built into almost all PCs that ship today, but that doesn't mean the majority of users are hooking peripherals up to their machines using that bus, not by a long chalk. This is not the worst movie ever made - not by a long chalk. But Kammy's not done it all, not by a long chalk, and he finds this irksome. They are not the world's most emotional sporting enthusiasts, not by a long chalk, but even they can lose perspective. The toughest, not the prettiest, though, not by a long chalk. Synonyms by no means, by no manner of means, not at all, in no way, not in the least, not in the slightest, not the least bit, certainly not, absolutely not, definitely not, on no account, under no circumstances Phrasal Verbs chalk something off (in sport) disallow a goal for an infringement of the rules. Example sentencesExamples Referee Colin MacDonald chalked off the other efforts which crossed the line and Kingussie were fortunate to reach the interval in the lead. But the "goal" was chalked off for the foul on the keeper. Scott McCartney netted from a second-half penalty corner, only to have the goal chalked off for a foot infringement. Before the Minstermen scored the home side had a strike chalked off after Scott Jackson had strayed offside in a tight decision. But his effort was chalked off by referee Trevor Parkes after one of his assistants flagged for offside. Sammy Ayorinde had the ball in the net on 14 minutes for Stalybridge but the goal was chalked off for off-side. But the fleet-footed winger was adjudged to have stepped into touch and the try was chalked off. Boro had the ball in the net after 18 minutes but Niell Hardy's superb volleyed effort was chalked off for offside. After half-time, Stott scored from a penalty corner, and had another in the net only for it to be chalked off. What I do know is that I've 37 caps and that I've chalked off a few nice victories but I want more. chalk something out Sketch or plan something. 粗略地计划；规划 we have already chalked out the strategy for conducting raids Example sentencesExamples What better way is there for Mos Burger to inform of the traceability of its agricultural products than a small blackboard chalking it out before your very eyes! The artist begins by first drawing the scene in miniature and then chalking it out to actual dimensions on black tarpaper. We are looking at increasing our presence in India and for this a clear growth map has been chalked out. Of course the easiest way to make your own batter's box template is to just chalk it out alongside a tape measure and a level. Instead, the concerned citizens drawn from various parts of the city were keen on chalking out ways to aid the Corporation and other agencies in the months to come. While the strategy at the think-tank level may well be in place, those who have chalked it out face the absence of a well-oiled machinery that can effectively implement it. Then he used a flame template that we found on the net and chalked it out on the seat, made them as symmetrical as possible, and then he did his upholstery thing with a layer of some type of material underneath. The formation a football manager chalks out on a blackboard can also sum up his outlook on life. The goals of this initiative are rather blurry, the details still being chalked out, but let's see where it goes. After I chalk it out, I move it inside the house and sit down and look at it for a long time. chalk something up 1Achieve something noteworthy. 取得，达到 he has chalked up a box office success 他取得了票房成功。 Example sentencesExamples These companies have staged many splendid shows at the National Concert Hall over the years and this three-night run can be chalked up among their successes. Old Malton chalked up their fourth away draw from five games after a 1-1 draw at Thorpe. The Kildare man knows the stroke will be chalked up as a winner in his horse racing mad constituency where obviously a nod is as good as a wink… Listen, though you've chalked up quite a few in your lifetime, don't let it get you down. Sure, they have been beaten by everybody and their grandmothers since September, not even having chalked up a draw. Every news story over the last month which points to support for a tax cut is chalked up as a victory for the president. Residents who oppose the construction of the Sarcee extension may not have won the battle to prevent negotiations on the Memorandum of Understanding, but they're chalking it up as a partial victory. Even if everything goes according to plan - and that is a big ‘if’ - many years of gruelling negotiations lie ahead before a genuine achievement can be chalked up. Unfortunately, two of those losses were chalked up to the Red Deer Kings. She's even chalked up one of the country's top biology marks. Synonyms achieve, attain, accomplish, gain, earn, win, succeed in making, reach, make, get, obtain score, tally, record, register, enter, mark, log informal clock up, knock up, notch up, turn in, rack up, bag 2Ascribe something to a particular cause. 把…归于 I chalked my sleeplessness up to nerves 我把失眠归于神经紧张。 Example sentencesExamples Now I'm inclined to chalk that up to sheer dumb luck, or more accurately, to contingency. Let's all just chalk this up to poetic license and go with the Japan thing. There are some things we can chalk up to budgetary constraints and fiscal realities; there are others that we can chalk up to bad priorities. Though Mercatto can be unbelievably busy, I have never waited for a table and chalk it up to extremely efficient service. I thanked my relative for her advice and chalked up the tears to her having a melodramatic midlife crisis. I can't really explain why that is, so maybe we'll just have to chalk it down to the perplexing schematics of the plot and the strange blankness of most of the characters. If none of the scenarios and few of the characters seem particularly original, chalk it up to six-decade-old source material. Again, I chalk this up to the low budget they must have had. But the service certainly wasn't entirely bad, and I chalk the flaws up to the fact that the place is new. At the time I chalked the whole thing up to a careless housemate, but I've just received something that has made me rethink my assumption. Synonyms attribute, assign, ascribe, put down, set down, accredit, credit, give the credit for, impute lay on, pin on, blame on, lay at the door of connect with, associate with Origin Old English cealc (also denoting lime), related to Dutch kalk and German Kalk, from Latin calx (see calx). Old English cealc, the forerunner of chalk, also meant ‘lime’. It came from Latin calx ‘lime’, which is also the source of calcium [19th]. When we say by a long chalk, meaning ‘to a great degree, by far’ (and not by a long chalk, ‘not at all’), the ‘ long chalk’ refers to the length of a line of chalk marks or tallies drawn on a blackboard. This may originally have been in the context of a pub game, where points scored were marked up on the blackboard, or perhaps in the classroom, with a teacher chalking up pupils' marks for schoolwork. In either case, a long line of chalk marks against your name would mean you were a long way ahead of the others. Rhymes auk, baulk, Bork, caulk (US calk), cork, Dundalk, Falk, fork, gawk, hawk, Hawke, nork, orc, outwalk, pork, squawk, stalk, stork, talk, torc, torque, walk, york noun.1 phr. phr.v. Definition of chalk in US English: chalk nounCHôktʃɔk 1A soft white limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures. 白垩 Example sentencesExamples Deposits of their skeletons produced much of the Mesozoic chalk and limestone. The company bought the land last year and started work on the site by digging into the chalk, creating a white bank which has become a landmark in the town. Winter sweet, Chimonanthus praecox, will grow quite happily on chalk or limestone soils and fill the garden with spicy winter fragrance. The unconformity surface is overlain by sandstone, reworked chalk or tuff, and represents submarine or subaerial erosion and missing section. Calcium carbonate exists as whole mountain ranges of chalk, limestone, and marble. This shrubby climber occurs in woods and hedgerows in chalk and limestone areas of Southern England. While most people consider chalk to be white in colour, when weathered it can be grey and red (due to iron staining). While the factory's existence is unmissable by its towering chimney that dominates the skyline, the location of its chalk quarry near the White Horse is rather more hidden. It passes upwards into almost flat-lying white coccolith chalk with parallel lines of black flint nodules. Across the valley from Monkton Combe, high above Bath, you can see the famous Westbury White Horse, the chalk image of mysterious origin. The air smells like moist potting soil, the skin of potatoes… the damp chalk of limestone. As the androids began their attack, Ravena noticed that their eyes were as white as chalk. Groundwater can react with chalk and limestone to produce carbon dioxide that displaces the normal air in a confined space. A deposit that is similar to chalk is diatomaceous chert. Moreover, through our cities and agriculture we are constantly varying the surface reflectivity of the Earth, as with the exposure of white chalk at Gravesend. limestones, in vineyard terms, may be normal rocky limestones or chalk, the first being much more common and its drainage properties rather variable. Again Dave explains that this is a fantastic place for wildlife and one of the few places in the country where you can see white chalk cliffs untouched by man. It grows on chalk or limestone soils, usually in sunny, open grassland but also on south-facing hedge-banks and woodland margins. In the north-east is agricultural land on chalk or limestone well drained by rivers. Sprawled on the floor, her skin as white as chalk, her sightless eyes staring up the ceiling, was the body of an old lady. 1.1 A substance (calcium sulfate) that is similar to chalk, made into white or colored sticks for writing or drawing. （硫酸钙制成的）粉笔 Example sentencesExamples A large Fleur-de-lis is drawn with blue and white chalk on the parking lot. ‘Very well,’ said the master, the circle, outlined in white chalk, began to grow darker. The whole class stopped, their eyes on me, and the teacher turned away from the board and pointed a short stub of blackboard chalk at me. This exhibition features drawings in mixed media chalk, charcoal and graphite drawings on paper which have evolved from studies of the Achill landscape. ‘Some used to throw chalk or even the blackboard rubber at you if you wouldn't stop talking,’ she says. Peggy took her place at the window back inside the recovery room and watched as the detectives took their pictures, and outlined the body with white chalk. I turned quickly and grabbed a piece of chalk off the black board on one of the walls. With white chalk, a recent innovation, he wrote an E on the slate. Somehow I don't think those plush corporate boxes at Cardiff have a drawing board and chalk. Here on planet Earth white chalk on black slate provides plenty of contrast. I walked up to the front of the room, where the chalk board was, and grabbed a piece of white chalk. He took out a white piece of chalk and gave it to Rena. At various times she was told to make the sign of the cross using black or white chalk; if she chose black she would be considered a demon. His presentation drawings, portraits, and character heads, usually made in charcoal or white chalk, were also in wide demand from discerning collectors. Madeleine explained the classrooms in St Bede's sister school in Tanzania were very basic with blackboards, chalk and windows without glass. I got up and found a perfect piece of white chalk waiting for me. I knew white farmers whose idea of education for black children was a blackboard, a few sticks of chalk and a chair for an untrained teacher. Worse still, when the team returned they found that the baggage handlers at Auckland airport had scrawled ‘losers’ in white chalk across all their bags. He portrays his wife with the lightest of touches, using red chalk, heightened with white in soft, feathery strokes which evince the profound French influence on his art. Using white chalk, a geometric shape was lightly sketched, filling the paper to achieve balance. 1.2Geology A series of strata consisting mainly of chalk. 〔地质〕白垩地层 Example sentencesExamples The coccolithophorids range in age from Triassic to Recent, and form a major constituent of Mesozoic and Tertiary chalks. The cited examples are all interpreted as large-scale erosional scour-channels, variously associated with cemented hardgrounds, conglomeratic and nodular chalks, and debris. Recent work on Upper Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy in European basins has demonstrated that chalks provide valuable information on short- and long-term sea-level change. Pore-filling cementation is also common during the diagenesis of chalks, resulting in rapid porosity loss. The flora extracted from the underlying Maastrichtian chalks is sparse, but indicative of open marine conditions. 2 short for French chalk verbCHôktʃɔk [with object] 1Draw or write with chalk. 用粉笔画（或写） Example sentencesExamples Irishman Bob even chalked my name up on the pool player blackboard. In relation to chalking the front doorstep it has been suggested that the secret of an effective pattern was that no gaps were left, for it was through these gaps that the devil and spirits would enter the house. I chalked a big poem on the street for my boyfriend. ‘Taylor must go’ was chalked on the road in front of walls topped with razor wire. The Little League field at Garvanza Park looks like a post card of 1950s Norman Rockwell Iowa with its trimmed lawn and chalked base paths. Mrs. Medori had chalked in the word ‘LOVE’ which I found endearing, since she speaks no English at all. I have been drawing, painting and chalking since I was 2 years old. My former student Eric reports that chalking sidewalks does seem to be illegal in New York. This is a beautiful chance to vote for those who will be providing the microwaves in Kirk, chalking revolutionary slogans beside the graveyard, fighting against fee rises, not to mention a host of other beneficial activities. The team went house to house, checking to see whether the drops had been administered, giving them if they had not, and then chalking the status upon wooden doors. I can only assume this is what happens when Hugh Dallas chalks off 0.2 of a Celtic goal or adds 0.1 to a Rangers strike. Between 150,000 and 250,000 people attended the march, carrying placards, chalking the city squares with peace signs and lying in the road to symbolise dead civilians. Too bad it did not intrigue the campus when one Republican chalked pro-life statistics and statements around campus juxtaposing the pro-choice statements. One of them concerns Arthur Stace, the man who chalked the word ‘eternity’ from one end of town to the other. Would their children chalk it in doorways before they knew its meaning as a trademark? McQueen has had notoriously bad relationships with his bosses - he used to chalk obscene messages onto the linings of suits he was tailoring in Savile Row. Since I see it everywhere, I should take the hint and put it everywhere, hide it in messages, chalk it on walls etc. A novelist who chalked her first words on a Lancaster windowsill has returned to her birthplace decades later. In retaliation she had chalked her own message pointing at her neighbour's house and when she saw she had got her view across, she went to wash it off. Demonstrators chalked numerous messages in Library Square and along the route of the march. Even the specials menus, advertising milkshakes, egg creams and the Lakeview's trademark breakfast pizza are still chalked onto the wall. The playground was awash with them, as were walls, corridors, exercise books and the backs of lower school pupils who could be held down while a pud was chalked onto their jersey. There is even an evolving language of street markings that uses chalked symbols to alert passers-by to a WiFi network nearby. The 116th Infantry chalked this on the back of one of their vehicles going out on a patrol I accompanied. Gerardo, a bespoke tailor from Naples with 52 years of experience in the trade, started chalking cloth again. It didn't take long for us to catch on, to have contests to see who could throw the farthest, to see who could hit a target chalked on the barn wall, apples exploding and leaving their wet circles on the paintless wood. If you ask, they have a little copy of the blackboard, chalked in English, that they will bring to your table. People were chalking messages over the square. She proceeds to chalk her slate with fresh attributes that represent all that Manderlay hopes to skewer. Numbers corresponding to seat numbers were chalked round the wheel of the bus, with a further mark on the mudguard. 1.1 Draw or write on (a surface) with chalk. 用粉笔画（或写） blackboards chalked with Japanese phrases Example sentencesExamples The latest incarnation looks every part the French bistro, from the wooden floor and chairs and prints on the wall to the fresh flowers on the table and blackboards chalked up with dishes to tempt even the most iron-willed of dieters. The simple plastic weave of a café chair, a blackboard chalked with the specials du jour, the cloudy comfort of a cool pastis and the sinuous scent of coffee and fresh-baked bread. The menu offered a selection of fish, meat and vegetarian options, with almost as many specials chalked on the blackboard. I counted more than 20 dishes chalked up on the blackboard and was pleasantly surprised with what was on offer. The exhibition was inspired by the homeless Sydney man, Arthur Stace who walked the city for decades chalking the word Eternity on pavements and walls in a perfect copperplate script. I looked up at the menu chalked on the blackboard behind her. Mr Howard has been running a series of successful bargains, chalking up offers on the large blackboard outside his store. In addition to the excellent guide books, a blackboard has chalked listings of the highlights on any particular day. She did not, as I had hoped, lead us through the routines in slow motion, with the aid of diagrams chalked up on a blackboard. On a blackboard was chalked a list of meat pies for sale; I once asked for a steak and kidney pie, and the assistant descended a ladder into the basement and brought it up from the freezer. One man with a red tail invited people to scatter bread inside a dove he chalked onto the stone slabs. I remember one slogan chalked on a blackboard in the main hall: ‘The autocracy of the articulate!’ At one stage the signs were chalked on a piece of wood. To get the latest news, thousands would flock to the newspaper offices themselves, arrayed along Park Row near city hall, to watch the headlines get chalked up on giant blackboards. As a way of reminding and motivating students, you can see chalked on blackboards in most classrooms countdowns of the days to the examination and some encouraging words. The crowd broke into renewed cheering when this was chalked on a blackboard. Carefully and deliberately a list of headings was chalked on the blackboard. Towards evening, children were chalking peace signs on the asphalt tiles. I've come up with a verse myself which is chalked up on the blackboard at the moment but I am hoping we can replace it with a better one written by a guest. Each engine is attended to in turn, usually according to a roster chalked on a blackboard. 1.2 Rub (something, especially a pool cue) with chalk. 用白垩粉擦（桌球杆等） Example sentencesExamples You can be chalked and loaded and assured as hell, but if you don't know how your table rolls or where to aim, you're banking too much on lucky shots. After a pause to chalk his cue, Des sank his last spot and quickly dispatched the black. Between each shot he studied the table carefully, chalking his cue. You know what I mean, those blue cubes that you use to chalk up your cue when you're playing snooker or pool in an attempt to make it look like you know what you're doing. Former world champion Steve Davis chalks his cue as the UK Snooker Championships got under way today at York's Barbican Centre. Taking only a moment to chalk his cue, he got down on the table and potted the five. Regulars at the Pattern Store Bar in Penzance Drive, Swindon are chalking their cues ready for the visit of the former World Champion snooker player on Wednesday, February 26. He chalks the tip of his cue with methodical twists of the wrist. She slowly stalks around the table, taking her time chalking the cue, and she seems to be winning most of the games. But those of a literary bent were quick to realise the identity of the mystery guest, thoughtfully chalking his cue as he sought to get out of a snooker. 2British Charge (drinks bought in a bar) to a person's account. 〈英〉把（酒钱）记于（某人）账上 Phrases as different as (or like) chalk and cheese Fundamentally different or incompatible. 〈英〉截然不同的；毫不相容的 Example sentencesExamples Like Morecambe and Wise, Laurel and Hardy or even Starsky and Hutch, Sale's coaching duo of Jim Mallinder and Steve Diamond are as different as chalk and cheese. More than one friend has admitted that he can be a nightmare at times, but you can't take away his talent even though, in most respects, he and Robinson are as different as chalk and cheese. But they are as different as chalk and cheese, both in appearance and otherwise: Walt is a ladies' man and an aspiring actor, while Bob is an unassuming athlete with terrible stage fright. The pair were as different as chalk and cheese but between them they forged out 29 century opening stands - and Lumb would probably argue the number would have been much higher if his celebrated partner had not run him out so many times. So I guess the locals are as different as chalk and cheese. They are as different as chalk and cheese - the dapper Aussie and the typically gruff Yorkshireman. Second, it must not expect the public to distinguish between different types of nanotechnology, even if they are as different as chalk and cheese. Whether this turns out to be true or not, in my opinion, hunting and fishing are as different as chalk and cheese so I stay out of an argument that does not involve me as a fisherman. Treats as different as chalk and cheese will feature on consecutive nights next week. The scenarios are as different as chalk and cheese. by a long chalk By far. 〈英〉…得多；最 Example sentencesExamples ‘We believe that we have, by a long chalk, the easiest, least disruptive, and fastest migration path from your current situation to a demand driven manufacturing system at an early phase of the project’. Microsoft's biggest customer for Internet Explorer by a long chalk finally seems on the brink of kissing the software goodbye - or alternatively, it's just playing a little hard-ball. The winner, by a long chalk, is that old stalwart The Sound of Music. He claimed that whatever musical advantages The Ten may have Letters and Colours are the better dancers, by a long chalk. That very successful implementation is going to be hardest of the criteria to fulfill, by a long chalk. Toussaint's most recent novel, Faire l' amour, is by a long chalk the darkest of his fictions to date. As well as being top scorers in the Bundesliga by a long chalk, their attackers have stood up in the Champions League. The position against Europe has not changed much either - Germany and France are still ahead by a long chalk. Only a third of the economy has been denationalised, which is not considered enough by a long chalk. They know instinctively what to do and Kirwan clearly recognised that quality in Griffen who was my man of the match by a long chalk. not by a long chalk By no means; not at all. 〈英〉决不；一点也不 they weren't beaten yet, not by a long chalk Example sentencesExamples But Kammy's not done it all, not by a long chalk, and he finds this irksome. We didn't manage the lot, not by a long chalk, but we managed this distant outpost. I may have disabilities and problems and troubles and stuff that holds me back, but I'm not done living! Not by a long chalk. This is not the worst movie ever made - not by a long chalk. They are not the world's most emotional sporting enthusiasts, not by a long chalk, but even they can lose perspective. ‘And,’ added Gilz, because he wasn't finished, not by a long chalk, ‘I bet that one of the tabloids sends a Diana look alike down to the registry office.’ The toughest, not the prettiest, though, not by a long chalk. Horse racing is not perfect, not by a long chalk, but it has a future which can only get better. It's not the greatest opera ever written, not by a long chalk. USB may be built into almost all PCs that ship today, but that doesn't mean the majority of users are hooking peripherals up to their machines using that bus, not by a long chalk. Synonyms by no means, by no manner of means, not at all, in no way, not in the least, not in the slightest, not the least bit, certainly not, absolutely not, definitely not, on no account, under no circumstances Phrasal Verbs chalk something out Sketch or plan something. 粗略地计划；规划 we have already chalked out the strategy for conducting raids Example sentencesExamples We are looking at increasing our presence in India and for this a clear growth map has been chalked out. Of course the easiest way to make your own batter's box template is to just chalk it out alongside a tape measure and a level. While the strategy at the think-tank level may well be in place, those who have chalked it out face the absence of a well-oiled machinery that can effectively implement it. What better way is there for Mos Burger to inform of the traceability of its agricultural products than a small blackboard chalking it out before your very eyes! The formation a football manager chalks out on a blackboard can also sum up his outlook on life. The artist begins by first drawing the scene in miniature and then chalking it out to actual dimensions on black tarpaper. Then he used a flame template that we found on the net and chalked it out on the seat, made them as symmetrical as possible, and then he did his upholstery thing with a layer of some type of material underneath. Instead, the concerned citizens drawn from various parts of the city were keen on chalking out ways to aid the Corporation and other agencies in the months to come. The goals of this initiative are rather blurry, the details still being chalked out, but let's see where it goes. After I chalk it out, I move it inside the house and sit down and look at it for a long time. chalk something up 1Achieve something noteworthy. 取得，达到 he has chalked up a box-office success 他取得了票房成功。 Example sentencesExamples The Kildare man knows the stroke will be chalked up as a winner in his horse racing mad constituency where obviously a nod is as good as a wink… Sure, they have been beaten by everybody and their grandmothers since September, not even having chalked up a draw. Unfortunately, two of those losses were chalked up to the Red Deer Kings. She's even chalked up one of the country's top biology marks. Every news story over the last month which points to support for a tax cut is chalked up as a victory for the president. Listen, though you've chalked up quite a few in your lifetime, don't let it get you down. These companies have staged many splendid shows at the National Concert Hall over the years and this three-night run can be chalked up among their successes. Residents who oppose the construction of the Sarcee extension may not have won the battle to prevent negotiations on the Memorandum of Understanding, but they're chalking it up as a partial victory. Old Malton chalked up their fourth away draw from five games after a 1-1 draw at Thorpe. Even if everything goes according to plan - and that is a big ‘if’ - many years of gruelling negotiations lie ahead before a genuine achievement can be chalked up. Synonyms achieve, attain, accomplish, gain, earn, win, succeed in making, reach, make, get, obtain 2Ascribe something to a particular cause. 把…归于 I chalked my sleeplessness up to nerves 我把失眠归于神经紧张。 Example sentencesExamples I thanked my relative for her advice and chalked up the tears to her having a melodramatic midlife crisis. At the time I chalked the whole thing up to a careless housemate, but I've just received something that has made me rethink my assumption. There are some things we can chalk up to budgetary constraints and fiscal realities; there are others that we can chalk up to bad priorities. Again, I chalk this up to the low budget they must have had. Now I'm inclined to chalk that up to sheer dumb luck, or more accurately, to contingency. But the service certainly wasn't entirely bad, and I chalk the flaws up to the fact that the place is new. Let's all just chalk this up to poetic license and go with the Japan thing. If none of the scenarios and few of the characters seem particularly original, chalk it up to six-decade-old source material. I can't really explain why that is, so maybe we'll just have to chalk it down to the perplexing schematics of the plot and the strange blankness of most of the characters. Though Mercatto can be unbelievably busy, I have never waited for a table and chalk it up to extremely efficient service. Synonyms attribute, assign, ascribe, put down, set down, accredit, credit, give the credit for, impute Origin Old English cealc (also denoting lime), related to Dutch kalk and German Kalk, from Latin calx (see calx). noun.1 phr. phr.v.
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